Lectures 1-2 : Basics Flashcards
1
Q
3 components of behavior?
A
1) Sensory input
2) intergration
3)Motor output
2
Q
Types of Nuerons
A
uni - multi - bi polar
3
Q
axon types
A
golgi 1 - long
golgi 2 - short
4
Q
connections with periphery
A
primary sensory - first neurons to receive information from sensory pathways
primary motor - neurons that have axons that synapse with motor cells
interneurons - neurons that synapse with other neurons
5
Q
dendrite types
A
spiny - aspinous
6
Q
how many neurons in the brain
A
100 bil
7
Q
sulci
A
grooves
8
Q
gyri
A
bumps
9
Q
dorsal
A
back of spine
10
Q
ventral
A
front of spine
11
Q
cerebrum
A
soft - perception, memory, sensory fibers
12
Q
cerebellum
A
hard - motor fibers, movement control
13
Q
what do glia do?
A
- the glue - insulate, support, nourish neurons
- make up 50% of brain
- 85 billion
14
Q
what are the types of glia
A
astrocytes, oliodengrolia & shwan cells, microglia
15
Q
what do astrocytes do? (6)
A
- regulate the content of extracellular space
- regulate ion concentrations around neurons
- protect neurons by taking up toxins
- mechanisms that take up K
- guide neurons in development
16
Q
what does microglia do?
A
remove debris from dead cells
17
Q
what do olio and schwan cells do?
A
involved in mylenation
18
Q
what is the purpose of mylintating the axon?
A
- speed electrical conduction down axons
- electrically insulate axons with myelin (fat)
- nodes of raniver
19
Q
what disease is associated with loss of myelination?
A
MS - Multiple sclerosis
20
Q
shwan cells
A
- PNS
- insulates a single axon
21
Q
oliodengrolia
A
- CNS
- insulates many axons
22
Q
what are the most common type of CNS cancer?
A
Glial cancers
- gioblastoma
- oliodendroglioma
23
Q
nissl stain
A
- see cell bodies, neurons vs. glia
24
Q
golgi stain
A
- see specific parts of the neurons
25
what are the of neurites
axon - dendrites
26
dendrite facts? (4)
1) receive input from thousands of synapses
2) one neuron can have multiple dendrites
3) dendrites have special receptor proteins that bind neurotransmitters
4) taper in diameter
27
where does synapse on the dendrite occur? (4)
1) 1 dendritic spine receives a single synapse
2) sites for transmission and input of information
3) shape and density can shape strength of interactions between neurons
4) have been shown to change during learning
28
dendritic spine abnormalities + info?
General Intellectual impairment
- long, spindly, sparse density
Fragile X
- long, spindly, high density (hereditary autism)
- Hyper anxiety, hyper arousal - due to over excitation
29
what does the soma contain?
- cytosol, organelles, nucleus
30
cytoplasm
all organelles except nucleus
31
where does protein synthesis occur?
rough er
32
dna - protein pathway
33
what is important about gene expression?
- every cell in the human body has the same DNA
- cell specialization is determined by what genes of a cells DNA are translated and transcribed
34
how do ribosomes synthesize proteins?
they use mRNA as a blueprint to make proteins from raw material
35
ribosomes attached to rough er make ...
proteins that are inserted to the cell membrane
36
free ribosomes make ...
proteins that reside within cytosol
37
what are polyribosomes
- appear to be attached to a thread of mRNA
- make multiple copies of the same protein
38
what does smooth er do? (3)
1 - packages proteins and give them their 3 dimensional figure
2 - regulate internal concentrations of substances
3 - prominent in muscles - sarcoplasmic reticulum
39
functions of golgi apparatus? (2)
1 - site of post translational chemical processing of proteins
2 - sorts proteins according to the area they are supposed to be located in
40
function of mitochondria (2)
- cellular respiration
- generates ATP
41
what is the neuronal membrane?
- it separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid
- studded with ribosomes
42
what does protein composition depend on?
location of the protein
43
cytoskeleton function
- skeleton of cell
- scaffold proteins affect neuron shape and function
44
what are the internal scaffolding of the cytoskeleton? (3)
- microtubules
- microfilaments
- neuro fillaments
45
microtubules analogy
thick walled - hollow pipe
46
what are micro tubules made of?
smaller strands of tubulin proetin - small and globular
47
how is tubulin joined to form a polymer?
via polymerization
48
what is the function of MAPS
microtubule associated proteins - anchor microtubules to one another and other parts of the neuron
49
what is a disease associated with MAPS?
Alzheimers
50
Alzheimers indicators (6)
- memory loss
- confusion
- difficulty with speech and navigation
- cell death
- gryi shrink
- sulci expand
51
What is a MAP associated with Alzheimers
Tau
52
what are microfilaments made of?
braids of two thin strands that are polymers of the protein actin
53
facts about microfilament structure?
- anchor to the membrane via a meshwork of fibrous proteins
- same thickness of cell membrane
54
what are neurofilaments? (3)
1 - intermediate filament specific neurons
2 - resemble the bones and ligaments of the skeleton
3 - consist of multiple subunits
55
axon facts
1) constant diameter
2) contain axon terminal / terminal button
56
what occurs on the axon terminal?
- end of the axon
- terminates at the synapse
57
recurrent collaterals?
axon branches that communicate with the same cell that give rise to axon or neighboring dendrites
58
proteins and axons
there is no rough er = no-few ribosomes
59
axon terminal vs. axon (4)
1 - microtubules don't extend to the terminal
2 - terminal contins synaptic vesicles
3 - inside surface of the axon terminal membrane that faces the synapse contains many proteins
4 - there are alot of mitochondria in the axon terminal
60
how do proteins reach the axon?
synthesized in soma - then reach axon via axoplasmic transport
61
analogy for axoplasmic transport?
microtubules = train track
dynein and kynesin = legs of the train
vesicle = cargo
62
anterograde transport?
- to axon terminal: uses kynesin
63
retrograde transport
- to soma: uses dynein
64
what diseases use anterograde and retrograde
rabies, coldsores
