Lectures 1-3 Flashcards by Austin Shackelford

What is the main way our normal flora protects us from frank pathogens?

They outcompete the pathogens for seats in the class!

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Are viruses considered “normal flora”?

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What do these microbe detecting methods have in common: Direct Microscopic Visualization, Cultivation and Identification, Detection of microbial antigens, and Detection of microbial RNA or DNA?

they are all “DIRECT” methods of identifying microbes

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What is the detection of the host immune response and example of when categorizing ID methods?

“IN-DIRECT” identification (eg. ELISA test for viruses)

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REVIEW:What type of test would be run to identify mycobacteria? What are the two main examples of Mycobacteria?

Acid-Fast Stain…TB and Lepracy k

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What procedure is used to look at bacterial capsules?

India Ink

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What do I use a KOH Prep to look for?

FUNGI…it kills all human and bacterial cells, but Fungi are resistant

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Which visualization method uses fluorescence using antibodies/tissue/heme?

FIT-C Serology

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Which ID method determines genes unique to a species?

PCR

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Which medium will provide growth for ANY kind of microbe?

Enriched Media

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Which medium are we looking to grow a specific kind of bacteria?

a Selective Medium

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What are the three main characteristics we are looking for under the microscope?

Size, shape, arrangement

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What are the three major life-forms found on earth?

Bacteria, Archea (“R-Key”), and Eukaryote

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What are the three Eukaryotic microbes?

Helminths, Protozoa, and Fungi

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Which helminth is the roundworm (earthworm-like, visible by naked eye)?

AS-CAR-IS

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Which helminth is the PINWORM? (Can use tape on the butt hole to see it =O )

Entero-Bi-Us (Entero-Butt-us)

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Which Protozoa is responsible for Malaria?

PLASMODIUM

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Which Protozoa is responsible for Giardiasis (hammer head like, causes severe diarrhea? Don’t get this wrong…

GIARDIA

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What opportunistic fungus causes PCP infections in AIDS patients?

PneumoCystis

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Which fungus is responsible for the vaginal yeast infection and oral thresh AKA Candidasis?

Candida

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What is the protozoa harbored in CATS that can help them trick helpless mice into not fearing their pee? (can affect crazy cat ladies too)

Toxo-Plasma GONDII

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What are the ONLY two shapes of Gram + cells?

Bacillus and Cocci

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What are the 4 categories of Gram + Rods?

Branching, Spores, Acid Fast, Pleomorphic

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What are the two possible groupings of Gram + Cocci?

Streptococci and Staphylococci

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What two categories can Gram - cells be broken down to?

Obligate/Intracellular Rods and Free Living Rods

What are the 4 types of free-living Gram -?

Rods(8 of them), Curved Rods (Vibrio-Cholera), Cocci (meningitis), Spir-o-chetes (Syphillis, lyme dis.)

What do these viruses have in common? Herpes, Hep-B, Papilloma

they are DNA viruses

What do these viruses have in common? EBOLA, Rubella, Influenza, Mumps, Measles, Hep-C, HIV? RotaViruses, Hep-A, Hep-E, Polio

They are all RNA (HIV is RNA-RetroVirus)

What do these viruses have in common? Herpes, Hep-B, EBOLA, Rubella, Influenza, Mumps, Measles, Hep-C, HIV

They are all enveloped!

What do these Viruses have in common? Papilloma, RotaViruses, Hep-A, Hep-E, Polio

They are all naked! (not enveloped)

Which virus (enveloped or naked) has a better chance of survival if it was placed on the desk in front of Greg or Hana?

Naked, the envelop has a tendency to dry out and therefore less of a survival chance.

What is a Lectin?

It is a word for Fimbriae. The part of the bacterial structure that allows attachment.

Does a bacterium have organelles?

What size is the bacterial Ribosome?

70s

How much smaller is the bacterial cell to the human cell?

1000x smaller!

What are the 4 secretions of a typical bacterial cell?

Iron, Enzymes, Toxins, ECM(CHO, Lactic Acid, EtOH) ITS DOING DIGESTION EXTRACELLULARLY

What are the four steps to a Gram stain?

1.Crystal Violet 2.Iodine 3.Decolorize (EtOH/Acetone) (The technical step!) 4.Counterstain/Safranin

What are the two components of LPS? (PLEASE don't get this wrong!)

CHO, Lipid

What is the Capsule used for? YOU GOT THIS WRONG ON THE IMMUNO test. :(

Anti-Phagoytic...Slippery like soap

What is the main functional purpose of the bacterial cell wall?

To resist osmotic pressures

What are the GLUCOSE-DIMERS that make up the bacterial cell wall?

N-acetyl-glucos-amine (NAG) & N-acetyl-muranic acid (NAM)

What are the "spot-welders" of the NAG-NAM peptide-disaccharide

Transpeptidases

What enzymes are constantly breaking down/reforming peptidoglycan like bone resorption?

Auto-Lysins!

Where specifically is the LPS located on the G- outer membrane?

The OUTER leaflet of the outer membrane

What is the result of LPS activation of the clotting system in the blood vessels? (BIG CONCEPT on THE map)

Disseminated IntraVascular Coagulation

What are the three (1, 2a, 2b)products of LPS binding to MacrOphages?

1. COLLAGENASE(destroy collagen) 2. Prostaglandin (PGE-2) 3. TNF-alpha

What is the main fxn discussed for the PGE-2 prostaglandin release by MacrOpahges?

Bone Resorption!

What is the chain reaction of Macrophage release of TNF-alpha? Whats the END result (BIG CONCEPT)?

TNF-alpha---> increase NO production--->relaxation of blood vessels-->HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK (SEPTIC SHOCK)

What is the enzyme for breaking up starch? Please don't get this wrong. Where is it typically made?

Amylase...The Pancreas, humans (&DOGS) are rare to have it in mouth (evolution)

What its the enzyme for breaking up peptidoglycan? Where is it found?

Lysozyme...Found in tears, mucosa, all cell's lysosomes

What is intracellular glucose storage for a bacterium? Extracellular storage?

Intra=Glycogen Extra=DEXTRANS (Caries!!)

What are the two conditions for penicillin to work?

Bacteria must be growing, and there must be an osmotic gradient.

How does penicillin work? What is the STRUCTURE of penicillin?

It binds to Transpeptidase, blocking it from spot welding the NAG/NAM girders.THEN auto-lysins keep doing they thang

Which handedness is the biological world? What does that mean for peptidoglycan walls?

LEFT! If peptidoglycan walls have D, then they can be more resistant to the L enzymes

What is the receptor on Macrophages that LPS binds to?

TLR-4 (Toll Like Receptor-4)

What are the three ways a Gram - bacterium can resist penicillin?

1.Change the outermsmbrane pores 2. Penecillinase (beta-lactamase) 3. Change the Transpeptidase

What must happen to the beta-lactam ring for penicillin to cause a hypersensitivity reaction?

The ring OPENS

What appearance is given when the opened beta-lactam ring attaches to our self antigens/platelets?

Gives them a foreign appearance.

What are the two oxygen-handleing types of microbes present in supra-gingival plaque?

MicroAerophillic and Facultative

Which two oxygen-handleing types of microbes are present in sub-ginival plaque?

Anerobic and Facultative

Obligate Aerobes: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?

Obligate aerobes: SOD: YES; Cat:YES Ferm:NO Resp:YES

MicroAerophilic: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?

MicroAeroPhillic: SOD: YES; Cat: NO; Ferm: YES, Resp: NO

Facultative: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?

Facultative: SOD: YES; Cat:YES; Ferm: YES; Resp: YES

Strict Anaerobes: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?

Strict Aerobes: SOD: NO; Cat:NO, Ferm: YES: Resp: NO

What are the three methods for Gene Swapping in bacteria?

1.Transformation 2. Transduction 3.Conjugation

Method for gene swapping involving old DNA from a dead bacterium being "slurped" by a living bacterium?

Transformation

Which gene swapping method involves a virus introducing new DNA into a bacterium?

Transduction

Which gene swapping method involves contact between two bacteria? What can the new DNA produce?

Conjugation...New DNA can produce Virulence factors and Resistance to antibiotics!!

What is a small, extra chromosomal strand of circular DNA in a bacterium?

A PLASMID! (like an extra chromosome!)

Which are the more serious gene mutations?

Insertion and Deletion=Frameshift! (point=not as serious)

What did dogs do to adapt to human domestication?

They DUPLICATED their salivary amylase genes!

What outbreak occurred in Germany in the Spring of 2011?

The E.Coli were able to acquire the gene for a shigella toxin!