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PP Final > Lectures 1-3 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

In the US, is there more sheep or more goats?

Where does the income come from?

A

Mostly goats with a few sheep dairies

Income is dairy products and lambs/kid

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2
Q

How often do does and ewes reproduce?
How long is their dry period?
How are the kids/lams raised?

A

Reproduce each year; lambs lactate 6-7 months and does lactate 9-10 months

Dry period of 60 days

Kids/lambs may be bottle fed or raised by dam

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3
Q

Describe SCC and SPC for small ruminants

A

SCC- higher baseline than that in cattle; legal limit is 1 million

SPC- same as for cows; legal limit is 100k but reasonable goal is 5,000

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4
Q

How do you harvest fiber in sheep and goats

A

Goats- standing or recumbent

Sheep- recumbent

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5
Q

Sheep vs goats look

A

Sheep- tail down, deep philtrum, no beard or wattle

Goats- tail up, horned, beards and wattles

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6
Q

Sheep vs goats behavior

A

Goats- climbing, sideways motion for antagonistic behavior, fight on hind legs, newborns lie out

Sheep- stay grounded, butt head on, alarm is snort and stamp, newborns lie in, great memory

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7
Q

How to work with a group of small ruminants

A

Move better around corners and up hills
Be aware of crushing in corners
Prefer well lighted areas

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8
Q

Know basics of PE

A 
Observe
Restraint- one hand under mandible or on base of horn and tail; sheep can be on rump
TPR
Abdomen and GI- rumen and body contour
Head- mm, asymmetry, mouth/nose/eyes, lymph nodes, check sinuses and skull for fractures
Teeth- age
Udder
Lymph nodes
Feet/legs
Feces
Urine
Skin
BCS
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9
Q

How to age a small ruminant with teeth

A 
Less than a year= all baby teeth
1-2 year= 1 pair adult teeth
2-3 years= 2 pairs adult teeth
3-4 years= 3 pairs adult teeth
4 years= 4 pairs adult teeth
Older than 4= worn down teeth
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10
Q

Describe BCS 1, 3, and 5

A

1= spine is prominent and sharp, no fat cover, sharp transverse process that fingers easily pass under

3= spine smooth and rounded, moderate fat cover, transverse process smooth and rounded, fingers need hard pressure to find end of transverse process

5=spine and transverse processes not detectable

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11
Q

What are scrapie ear tags

A

Required for sheep and goats older than 1 yr old moving on the interstate

Allows tracing to farm of origin

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12
Q

What age is best for castration

A

4-14 days

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13
Q

Describe castration procedure

A

Lidocaine and NSAIDs are recommended

Elastrator bands or burdizzo emasculatome or surgica;

Always give tetanus

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14
Q

When is tail docking best done at

A

2-7 days old

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15
Q

Describe tail docking techniques

A

Electronic docking iron (best) or elastrator bands (painful and need tetanus)

Make sure to make it long enough (covers anus and vulva and no shorter than distal end of caudal tail fold)

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16
Q

What will a tail that is too short predispose them to

A

Rectal and vaginal prolapse

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17
Q

When should you disbud

A

Most breeds= 4-7 days

Nubian, pygmy, angora= 10-14 days

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18
Q

Describe techniques of disbudding

A

Need to dilute lidocaine to 0.5% and give two nerve blocks
Heat cautery for 10 seconds is best
Also there is paste but NOT a good option in small ruminants

**if its older you will have to do surgical dehorning

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19
Q

Describe descenting

A

Can be removed with dehorning
Located caudomedial to horn bud

*males castrated before 7.5 months do not develop this gland

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20
Q

How often should hooves be trimmed

A

2x per year and examined more often

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21
Q

What vaccines should all sheep and goats get

A

Clostridium and tetanus

Sheep- 7 way clostridium plus tetanus
Goats- CDT

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22
Q

Non routine vx for sheep and goats

A

Sheep- abortion (chlamydia and campylobacter), footrot, rabies, contagious ecthyma

Goats- contagious ecthyma
Rabies

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23
Q

What nematodes are a problem in small ruminants

A

Haemonchus (biggest issue), ostertagia, trichostrongyles

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24
Q

Clinical signs of internal parasites

A

Anemia, hypoproteinemia, maldigestion, malabsorption

Pale mm, weakness, lethargy, diarrhea, weight loss, ventral edema, bottle jaw

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25
What should you do to determine efficacy of anthelmintic on your farm
FECRT
26
What strategy should you use to deworm
Targeted selective deworming to dilute out resistant population on the pasture *never deworm at regular intervals!!
27
What specific times should you always deworm at
Prior to lambing/kidding | 10-14 days after heavy rain following drought
28
What can you use to determine who needs deworming
Famacha- treat 4s and 5s
29
What are management strategies to control parasites
``` Dont feed food on the ground Keep animals in good nutritional status Pastures- avoid overstocking, have rest periods, supplement feed if pasture is stressed Multi-species grazing Tannin-rich forage Quarantine new arrivals Genetic selection for parasite resistant populations Have zero-grazers (feedlots) ```
30
What dewormers are approved for sheep? Goats? Both?
Sheep- albendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin, levamisole Goats- fenbendazole Both= morantel tartrate
31
How to prevent predation
Active destruction of predators Livestock guarding animals (dogs, donkeys, castrated camelids) Increased surveillance
32
Major problems for neonates
``` Mismothering Failure of passive transfer Exposure leading to hypothermia Predation Sepsis/ navel infections ```
33
5 Cs
``` Colostrum Cleanliness Calories Comfort Consistency ```
34
When should neonate ingest colostrum
By 30 min to 1 hr
35
What should you supplement neonates with esp in Fl
Selenium
36
What causes mismothering Signs?
Multiples Overcrowding Insufficient colostrum Signs: hypothermia, hunched stance, empty belly, bleating, approaching different females
37
What causes failure of passive transfer
Mismothering, mastitis, teat lesions, recumbency, death Neonate- weak due to disease, dystocia, cold exposure
38
What are problems of lambs and kids 2 days old to weaning
Predation Neonatal diarrhea Pneumonia Coccidiosis (common right after weaning)
39
What is creep feeding
Extra nutrition, usually grain, to nursing kids and lambs Do this when there is a very intensive production system, multiple births, lack of milk, or dairy herds
40
What are problems of weaning and early post weaning
``` Reduced rate of weight gain due to poorly managed transition Coccidiosis Pneumonia Nematode parasitism Predation ```
41
What is the cause of coccidiosis? Signs? Dx? Prevention?
``` Cause= eimeria Signs= 3 wks to 6 months old, diarrhea, tenesmus, weight loss, failure to thrive Dx= fecal flotation Prevention= sanitation, isolate sick animals, give coccidostats in face of outbreak, on arrival at feedlot, during/after weaning, and during high stress periods ```
42
What are the problems of post weaning to entry to breeding herd/ meat sale
``` Nematode parasitism Coccidiosis Pneumonia Predation Rumen acidosis Obstructive urolithiasis ```
43
Who mainly get obstructive urolithiasis? Tx? Prevention?
Castrated males Tx= surgical management with supportive care Prevention= dietary management (Ca:P >2:1, adequate forage, anionic salts, maximize water intake), avoid early castration of pets
44
What is the difference between sheep and goat eating habits
Sheep- prefer grazing Goats- like to browse (more than 50%)
45
What are the goals for breeding females
2.5-3.0 at start of breeding season Maximize fertility by supplemental feeding Minimize parasites by checking every 2 weeks and deworming if needing Maximize reproductive efficiency by vaccinating against chlamydia and campylobacter Prevent new infections and treat subclinical mastitis by infusing udder with dry cow intramammary product Select replacement and culls prior to breeding
46
When should you breed? Gestation length? Puberty?
At 70% mature size (7- 10 months) Gestation is 147 days in sheep and 150 days in goats Puberty usually at 5-12 months
47
Problems early and mid gestation
Overconditioning, abortion *manitain 3.0-3.5
48
Pregnancy diagnosis
Progesterone (5 days after breeding) Pregnancy specific protein b (30 days after breeding) US (between 45 and 90 days gestation)
49
Problems in late gestation
``` Metabolic disease (pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia) Infectious abortion ```
50
Problems birth and early lactation
Dystocia Metabolic disease Mastitis
51
Mastitis agents
Mycoplasma (often accompanied by arthritis) Staph aureus Manheimia hemolytica
52
Which diseases should animals not leave the farm with
``` Orf (contagious ecthyma) Caseous lymphadenitis Pinkeye Ringworm/ club lamb fungus Footrot ```
53
Bluetongue
Orbivirus Subclinical Transmitted by cullicoides vector Fever, erosions on lips, gums, nose, and tongue, salivation, hyperemic nose and mm
54
CAE and maedi-visna
Goats (CAE)- arthritis, leukoencephalomyelitis, pneumonia, progressive weight loss, mastitis Sheep (maedi-visna)- pneumonia
55
Scrapie
Prion Behavioral changes, weight loss, progressive pruritis with self mutilation
56
Paratuberculosis
Johne’s disease Mycobacterium avium Weight loss, ill thrift
57
Contagious ecthymya
Lesions on lips, blisters form, usually lambs/kids Parapox virus Zoonotic!
58
Caseous lymphadenitis
Abscesses of external lymph nodes
59
Foot rot
Dichelobacter nodosus + fusobacterium necrophorum Severe lameness with weight loss and low reproductive efficiency
60
DDX for wasting
``` Malnutrition/ starvation Lentivirus (CAE/MV) Paratuberculosis Caseous lymphadenitis with internal abscesses Internal parasitism, chronic coccidiosis Dental problems in older animals ```
61
Lambs/kids days to weaning table
Creep feeding by 1-2 weeks of age Coccidiostat Clostridial vx Disbud/castrate/dock tail
62
Weaning/early post weaning table
When to wean varies with system Gradual weaning better than abrupt unless over 5 months old Good nutrition and coccidiostat Weigh at weaning Check for parasites every two weeks and use lowest risk pasture possible because this is the highest risk age (long grass, rest period, avoid wet pastures) Prevent unwanted pregnancies
63
Post weaning to entry to herd or sale table
Requirements vary Coccidiostats Avoid rumen acidosis and urolithiasis if on high concentrate diet- AT LEAST 10% roughage Normal parasite control
64
Most common site of urethral obstruction
Urethral process
65
Adults table
Fresh water, mineral supplement, monitor BCS Inspect and trim feed 2x/yr External and internal parasite control Vaccines Shearing and harvesting fiber but not during or around birth
66
What type are breeders are sheep and goats? How can you induce cyclicity
Seasonal polyestrus Melatonin, whitten effect (sudden introduction of male)
67
How do does and ewes show heat
Does- flagging, vocalizing, mounting Ewes- subtle, will stand for mounting Bucks- smelly, spray urine
68
Females early to mid gestation table
``` Maintain 3-3.5 bcs Avoid obesity Prevent new infections and treat subclinical mastitis Parasite control Hoof care and shearing ```
69
females breeding table
``` 2.5-3 bcs at start of breeding season Maximize fertility Parasite control Vaccinate against repro diseases Manage udder health Select replacements and culls prior to breeding ```
70
Why wouldn’t you US after 90 days of gestation
Harder to tell number of fetuses
71
Females late gestation table
Maintain 3.0-3.5 bcs Avoid obesity and pregnancy toxemia (monitor BHBA) Avoid infectious abortions Parasite control before birth Annual Vx against clostridium and tetanus Udder health
72
Females birthing season and lactation table
3.0-3.5 BCS Avoid obesity, rumen acidosis, preg toxemia, support colostrum and rapid fetal growth Avoid losses due to dystocia Provide dry and clean environment and protection from cold Make it easy for lambs/kids to nurse
73
What might be causing periparturient downer animal
``` Lambing/kidding paralysis Dead lambs/kids in utero Preg toxemia/ hypocalcemia Starvation Mastitis ```
74
Signs of preg toxemia, ketosis, and fatty liver
Off feed, depression, recumbency, coma, death Ketonuria, hypoglycemia Pre-partum prognosis is very poor Best to prevent!!- good nutrition, maintain proper BCS, avoid stressors, high energy diet for dams with multiple fetuses
75
Breeding males table
Maintain 3.0 and build to 4.0 BCS at start of breeding season Strongly consider using only males that maintain low FEC and do not require frequent deworming
76
Pet goats and sheep table
2.5-3.0 bcs at most! Prevent obesity and urolithiasis Prevent pseudopregnancy- consider OVE
77
Purchased animals
Quarantine for 1 month- TRULY isolated Examine Vaccine and deworm on arrival
78
Zoonotic diseases small ruminant
Contact: Orf/ contagious ecthyma Abortion (q fever, chlamydia, listeria) Pinkeye- chlamydia Crypto
79
Zoonotic diseases from raw milk
Campylobacter jejuni Q fever Listeria Serious issue in countries with brucella melitensis

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