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PP Final > Lectures 4-5 > Flashcards

Lectures 4-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

General considerations for vaccines

A

Schedule- vaccinate all horses at same time, consider seasonal incidence of diseases

Standard vx program does NOT exist

Site of injection

Individual response

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2
Q

How many rounds of vx do foals need?

When should you begin vx in foals?

A

Three rounds

6 months of age usually

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3
Q

Vaccine titers in horses?

A

No research in horse world!

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4
Q

Core vaccines

A

Tetanus
Encephalitities (EEE, WEE, WNV)
Rabies

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5
Q

Overview of tetanus

A

Neuro disease caused by C. Tetani
Present in intestines, manure, and soil (can exist for years)
Spores can enter horse through wounds, lacerations, umbilicus

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6
Q

Tetanus clinical sigsn

A

Stiff gait, facial spasm, third eyelid prolapse
Sawhorse stance
Excessive response to stimulation
Recumbency

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7
Q

Tetanus prevention

A

Not contagious between horses but mortality is very high!

All horses should be vx annually
Tetanus toxoid vx is very safe and provides good protection
*always booster if open wound or surgical procedure and its been more than 6 months since vaccination
Tetanus antitoxin can be dangerous and not used willy nilly

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8
Q

When start tetanus prevention

A

Begin at 6 months age if foal received colostrum from vaccinated mare then ooster 4-6 weeks later and again at 10-12 months

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9
Q

When use antitoxin

A

Previously unvaccinated horses or neonates

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10
Q

What are the viral encephalomyelitis diseases

A

EEE
WEE
WNV
VEE (foreign animal disease)

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11
Q

Describe host status of encephalitities

A

Birds transmit to mosquitos who transmit to humans and horses where its a dead end

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12
Q

WNV clinical signs

A 
Fever
Muscle fasciculations!
Weakness/ataxia
Flaccid paralysis
Changes in mentation
Cranial nerve deficits
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13
Q

EEE clinical signs

A

Neuro signs 5 days after exposure
Death 2-3 days later
Low grade fever first (viremic for 2 days) but quickly increases during viral proliferation
Behavior changes- dementia, self mutilating, head pressing, compulsive walking, blindness, seizures

Most serious encephalitity- 90% die

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14
Q

Is EEE reportable

A

YES!

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15
Q

When does EEE usually occur?

WNV?

A

EEE= late spring

WNV= early fall

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16
Q

Describe vaccine for EEE/WEE

A

Naive horses 2 vx 3-4 weeks part

Booster every 4-6 months (1 month prior to peak mosquito)

*three times in FL

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17
Q

WNV vaccine

A

Once a year

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18
Q

WNV and EEE vx for broodmares and foals

A

Broodmares- 30 to 60 days prior to foaling

Foals- begin vaccinating at 3-4 months and continue at least 3 vaccines!

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19
Q

Most common reservoir for rabies in FL

A

Raccoon

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20
Q

Clinical signs of rabies in horses

A

Can look like anything in horses!
Incubation is 2-9 weeks
Ascending paralysis

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21
Q

Describe rabies vx

A

Annual vx- killed vax IM

Foals- begins at 6 months then boost at 4-6 weeks and again at 10-12 months

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22
Q

Risk based vaccines for horses

A

Influenza
Equine herpesvirus (rhinopneumonitis)
Strangles

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23
Q

Incubation period of influenza?

Susceptible population?

A

1-3 days= incubation period

Susceptible population is less than 3 years old
Stressful conditions and travel

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24
Q

Clinical signs of influenza

A 
High fever
Cough/ nasal discharge
Lethargy, depression
Reduced appetite
Muscle soreness

rest is essential following infection**

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25
Influenza vaccine
Every 6-12 months- decreases viral shedding
26
Vaccine types influenza
Traditional inactivated IM Modified live cold-adaptive IN Canarypox vector vaccine IM
27
Influenza vx in broodmares and foals
Broodmares- IM vx in last 30 days of pregnancy | Vaccinate foals at 6 months of age
28
EHV types
1- abortion, neonatal death, neuro disease, resp disease 4- resp disease Aka rhinopneumonitis
29
Clinical signs and incubation of resp EHV | Who is it most common in?
Clin signs identical to influenca Incubation time= 2 to 10 days Shed virus 2 to 3 weeks Most common in weanlings and yearlings
30
How is EHV transmitted
Resp route Contaminated equipment Many horses are carriers with no sigs Stress can cause recrudescence
31
Prevention of resp EHV
Vaccine decreases shedding of virus and severity of clinical signs Foals and weanlings- start at 4-6 months booster 4 weeks later then again at 10-12 months Yearlings- every 6 months
32
EHV abortion- when does it occur?
7-9 months gestation
33
Vaccination of broodmares for abortion EHV
Pregnant mares- booster at 5, 7, and 9 months of pregnancy; vaccinate 30 dats prior to foaling for colostrum
34
EHV neuro disease
aka EHM- equine herpes myeloencephalopathy Considered directly contagious High mortality Can really look like anything
35
EHV neuro vaccine
Does not prevent this disease! | There is a MLV that may minimize clinical disease
36
Complications of EHV 1
Abortion, EHM
37
How to control outbreaks of EHV
Isolate new arrivals for 21 days Disinfect transport vans Isolate horses with fever Keep aborted material away from herd/ isolate mare
38
Strangles- is it reportable
Yes!
39
Clinical signs of strangles
Fever, lymph node enlargement and abscessation Purulent nasal discharge Resp distress due to retropharyngeal lymph node enlargment
40
How is strangles transmitted
Ingestion or inhalation of infected discharges- horse to horse contact or fomites; highly contagious High morbidity, low mortality
41
Incubation period of strangles | When does the bacteria shed
3-14 days Sheds 1-2 days after onset of fever Isolate horses with fever ASAP
42
How to confirm strangles
Nasal/pharyngeal culture- gold standard PCR- need three negative PCRs to be released from quarantine Serology SeM protein
43
What does serology for SeM protein tell you
Helpful for confirming purpura or bastard strangles Weak positive- repeat in 7-14 days Moderate positive- exposure in last 2 to 3 weeks or/and infection in the last 6 months to 2 years High positive- complications of S. Equii or recent vaccination
44
How long is a horse infectious with strangles
4 weeks after clinical signs resolve Guttural pouch is clear Guttural pouch samples are negative
45
Who/when to vaccinate?
Previously affected farms Farms with young stock Sale/show stables
46
Strangles vaccines
M protein based given IM- can cause intranasal abscesses so not used as much Pinnacle IN- intrasal: can also cause abscesses; let this be the only thing or at least last thing you give that day because horse might snort it out on your Start vaccination at 6-9 months
47
Strangles vaccine risks
Immune mediated purpura hemorrhagica Mild form of the disease Abscess formation
48
Regionally used vaccines
Botulism Potomac horse fever Equine viral arteritis Rotavirus
49
Describe botulism
Kentucky, pennsylvania | Flaccid paralysis
50
Botulism vaccine
Only type B toxoid No cross protection with type C and no vaccine for Type C Recommended to give to pregnant mares in endemic areas to prevent disease in foals
51
What causes potomac horse fever? | Where is it at and when?
Neorickettsia risticii Endemic to eastern US and CA from july to september Transmitted through trematode parasites of fresh water snails and caddis flies
52
Clin signs of PHF
Severe diarrhea and fever | Laminitis
53
PHF vaccine
Questionable- evidence of benefit is lacking
54
What does equine viral arteritis cause? How is it transmitted? How to diagnose?
Abortion Transmitted through respiratory and semen Diagnose through EVA titers and virus isolation **unlike other resp diseases horses get edema and lots of ocular discharge!
55
Rotavirus
Most common cause of infectious diarrhea in foals Highly contagious Vaccinate mares before foaling in endemic areas
56
What is important about vaccinating a stallion for EVA
Make sure to appropriately document that the stallion is negative before vaccinating because the vaccine can cause tests to show he is positive
57
Lyme disease
No vaccine | Some ppl may use canine vx
58
Leptosporosis
Associated with recurrent uveitis, kidney infections, abortion There is a vx but not labelled for pregnant mares
59
Corynebacterium pseudoTB
Aka pigeon fever Colic side effects of vaccine so recalled Re-released this spring
60
Equine infectious anemia- transmission, clinical signs
Retrovirus transmitted by biting flies or blood contaminated needles Acute- fever, depression, petechiation Chronic- icterus, anemia, dependent edema
61
How to diagnose EIA
Coggins test annually Reportable disease Rarely see this ever but if a horse does get infected it is infected for life
62
Piroplasmosis- what is it caused by? Transmission?
Theileria equi and babesia caballi Transmitted through ticks and mechanical vectors Non-endemic in US so treated as foreign animal disease
63
Clinical signs of piroplasmosis
Acute- fever, anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria Chronic- weak, decreased appetite

PP Final (5 decks)

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