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Kin 121 > Lectures 11-18 > Flashcards

Lectures 11-18 Flashcards

1
Q

Iliopsoas:

1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?(2)

A
  1. Anterior lumbar vertebrae (iliac fossa)
  2. Medial, proximal femur
  3. Hip flexion by bringing the knee up AND by bringing the trunk straight and downwards
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2
Q

Which two muscles is the iliopsoas made up of?

A 
Psoas major (from the abdomen)
Iliacus (from the iliac fossa)
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3
Q

What does the iliopsoas do?

A

It pulls on the lumbar vertebrae and the pelvis, tilting anteriorly

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4
Q

Stron abs help stabilize the ________

A

Psoas major

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5
Q

Name the muscles moving the femur (4)

A

Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
Gluteur medius & minimus
Adductors

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6
Q

Gluteus maximus:

1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?

A
  1. Outer surface of the ilium & sacrum
  2. Posterior, proximal femur
  3. Hip extension (when leg starts in flexed position - ex climbing stairs)
    Pelvis tilts backward (flattens the back)
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7
Q

Gluteus medius & minimus:

1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?

A
  1. Outer surface of ilium
  2. Lateral proximal femur
  3. Hip abduction
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8
Q

Adductors: 1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function? 4. How many are there?

A
  1. Pubis
  2. Medial femur
  3. Hip adduction
  4. 5
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9
Q

Name the muscles moving the femur & tibia (2)

A

Quadriceps

Hamstrings

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10
Q

Name the two parts of the quadriceps

A

3 vastus muscles

Rectus femoris

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11
Q

3 vastus muscles:

1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?

A
  1. Proximal femur (all around)
  2. Anterior, proximal tibia (tibial tuberosity)
  3. Knee extension only
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12
Q

Rectus femoris:

1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?

A
  1. Anterior ilium
  2. Anterior, proximal tibia (tibial tuberosity)
  3. Knee extension
    Hip flexion
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13
Q

Hamstrings:

1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?

A
  1. Ischial tuberosity
  2. Posterior, proximal tibia (medial & lateral)
  3. Hip extension
    Knee flexion
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14
Q

Name the muscles moving the foot

A

Tibialis anterior
Soleus
Gastrocnemius

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15
Q

Tibialis anterior:

1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?

A
  1. Anterior, proximal 2/3 of tibia
  2. Top of first metatarsal
  3. Dorsiflexion
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16
Q

Soleus:

1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?

A
  1. Posterior, proximal tibia
  2. Calcaneus
  3. Plantar flexion
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17
Q

Name the muscle that moves the foot and the tibia

A

Gastrocnemius

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18
Q

Gastrocnemius:

1. Proximal attachment? 2. Distal attachment? 3. Function?

A
  1. Posterior, (medial & lateral) distal femur
  2. Calcaneus
  3. Plantar flexion
    Knee flexion
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19
Q

Name the muscles doing plantar flexion

A

Gastrocnemius & Soleus

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20
Q

Name the muscle doing dorsiflexion

A

Tibialis anterior

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21
Q

What are the four parts to Kinanthropometry?

A
  1. Size
  2. Proportionality
  3. Composition
  4. Shape
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22
Q

What are the five parts of the size structure?

A
  1. Stature (height)
  2. Mass (weight)
  3. Lengths (limbs, segments, bones)
  4. Girths
  5. Widths
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23
Q

Proportionality: (ratio/ index)

How do we calculate how one body segment compares to another segment?

A

By expressing one as a % of the other.

multiply one measure by 100 & then divide by the other measure

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24
Q

Proportionality: (ratio/ index)
That is, the ____ (______) measurement will be expressed as a % of the _____ (______) measurement.
Thus 1/2 indicates that the top measure is ____% of the bottom measure.

A

Top (numerator)
Lower (denominator)
50%

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25
Q

Proportionality: (ration/ index)

What are the six parts?

A
  1. Stature proportions
  2. Mass: stature proportions (BMI)
  3. Length proportions
  4. Girth Proportions
  5. Width Proportions
  6. Surface area relative to volume
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26
Q

What is the stature proportion?

A

Sitting height, relative to total height

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27
Q

Stature proportions:

  • In general, _____ have longer trunks, relative to their legs, than do ______.
  • If a male and female have identical standing heights (stature), the ______ will usually have a greater sitting height
A

Females, Males

Female

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28
Q

What is the mass stature proportion?

A

This is your body mass (weight) relative to your stature (height)

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29
Q

BMI - What happens?

A

As you increase in height (linear measure), your surface area squares, but body volume cubes.

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30
Q

What is the BMI ratio?

A 
Your mass (weight) relative to height squared
BMI= weight / height(squared)
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31
Q

BMI > __ = increased risk of disease

BMI ≥ __ = designated obese

A

25

30

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32
Q

What are the three general mass ranges?

A
  • Underweight
  • Healthy or Acceptable Weight
  • Overweight (Severe Overweight, Obesity)
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33
Q

The BMI is a useful ratio for men & women aged _____

A

20-65

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34
Q

BMI is not a useful index for? (5)

A
  • Babies
  • Children
  • Teenagers
  • Pregnant women
  • Very muscular people
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35
Q

Length proportions: (ratio/ index)

What are the two types?

A

Arm span relative to height

Trunk length to leg length

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36
Q

Length proportion:

What is the Crural Index? Brachial Index?

A
  1. Lower leg relative to leg

2. Lower arm relative to arm

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37
Q

What are girth proportions?

A

Hip relative to waist

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38
Q

What are width proportions?

A

Shoulders relative to hips

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39
Q

What is androgyny index?

A

Shoulders relative to hips proportion

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40
Q

Who is the surface area relative to volume used for?

A

Children versus adults

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41
Q

_____ have a large surface area relative to their volume so they are more ____ sensitive

A

Children

Cold

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42
Q

Body composition model groups all body tissues into which two groups?

A
  1. Lean body mass (LBM)

2. Fat body mass (FBM)

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43
Q

What does Lean Body Mass include?

A

Skeletal muscle, bone, and water

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44
Q

How can Fat Body Mass be divided?

A

Storage Fat

Essential Fat

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45
Q

What is Storage Fat (fat body mass)? What does it protect?

A

Fat that accumulates as adipose tissue

Cushions, protects organs

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46
Q

___________ serves as energy reserve

A

Storage Fat

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47
Q

What type of fat is mainly a subcutaneous distribution?

A

Storage Fat

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48
Q

How is Storage Fat measured?

A

with skin folds

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49
Q

Storage fat:
males have ____%
females have ____%

A

12

15

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50
Q

Names the 9 parts that make up the essential fat

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Lungs
  3. Spleen
  4. Intestines
  5. Central nervous system
  6. Heart
  7. Liver
  8. Kidneys
  9. Muscle
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51
Q

Fat body mass - Essential Fat
Comprises __% of body weight for the average male
Comprises ___% of the body weight for the average female

A

3%

12%

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52
Q

In which ways can assess body composition? (9)

A
  1. Height/ Weight charts
  2. Body Mass Index
  3. Waist to Hip Ratio
  4. Waist Girth
  5. Hydrostatic weighing
  6. Air displacement (Bod Pod)
  7. Bioelectric impedance
  8. Dual Energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
  9. Skinfold Thickness
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53
Q

How do we asses body composition?

A

By giving it numerical or descriptive values

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54
Q

What makes the assumption that if you weigh more then the norm (for your height) you had too much fat? Are these predictions reliable?

A

The height/ weight chart

Not reliable b/c they were not well represented in the original samples

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55
Q

How do we measure BMI? (2 parts)

A

BMI= weight / height (squared)

BMI nomogram

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56
Q

How do we measure the waist to hip ratio?

A

Using a nomogram

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57
Q

Waist to hip ratio:
_____ (____) shape = female
_______ (_____) shape = male

A

Gynoid (pear)

Android (apple)

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58
Q

Waist to hip ratio:

Obese individuals with excess abdominal fat have an increased risk of..? (3)

A
  • Coronary disease
  • Hypertension
  • Type II diabetes
  • etc.
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59
Q

What type of body composition assesment is a very strong index of health risk?

A

Waist Girth

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60
Q

What type of body composition assesment is the gold standard for calibrating all other methods of body composition calculations?

A

Hydrostatic weighing

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61
Q

What is bioelectric impedance? How is it influenced?

A

It is based on differences in electrical conductivity between fat-free mass and fat mass
It is influenced by the subject’s hydration level

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62
Q

What is the Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) used for? (3)

A

Fat, muscle and bone mass

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63
Q

What does the skinfold thickness represent?

A

The % body fat calculations (many formulae)

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64
Q

What type of body composition assessment is more reliable - time to time measures?

A

Skinfold Thickness (sum of skinfolds)

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65
Q

Shape is also called?

A

Somatotyping

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66
Q

The human shape can be divided into: (3)

A
  1. Roundness = Endomorphy
  2. Muscualrity = Mesomorphy
  3. Linearity = Ectomorphy
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67
Q
  1. Sumo Wrestler =
  2. Gymnastics =
  3. Football player =
  4. Long distance runner =
  5. Majority of people are what type?
A
  1. Endomorphy
  2. Mesomorphy
  3. Between Endomorphy and Mesomorphy
  4. Ectomorphy
  5. Mesomorphy
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68
Q

Gymnastics, athletics, wrestling, diving

These are all examples of what type of movement?

A

Body moving itself

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69
Q

Cycling, kayak, canoe, rowing, esquestrian

These are all examples of what type of movement?

A

Body moving conveyance

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70
Q

Ice- Speed skating, figure skating
Snow- Skiing, luge, boarding
Water - Speed swim, synchro swim
These are all examples of what type of movement?

A

Body in different mediums

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71
Q

Balls, shot, volleyball, football, basketball

These are all examples of what type of movement?

A

Body moving projectiles

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72
Q

Racquets, bats, sticks, clubs, weights

These are all examples of what type of movement?

A

Body moving implements

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73
Q

Curling, water polo

These are all examples of what type of movement?

A

A combination of body in different mediums, and body moving projectiles

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74
Q

Golf, lacrosse, baseball, racquet sports, target sports

These are all examples of what type of movement?

A

A combination of body moving projectiles, and body moving implements

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75
Q

Ice hockey, and ringette

A

A combination of body in different mediums, body moving projectiles, and body moving implements

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76
Q

Newton’s 3 laws explain how motion is generated ______?

A

Biomechanically

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77
Q

What are Newton’s 3 laws?

A
  1. Law of Inertia
  2. Law of Acceleration
  3. Law of action/ reaction
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78
Q

What is the law of Inertia?

A

A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion; unless acted on by an external force

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79
Q

What is the reluctance to change called?

A

Inertia

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80
Q

Can we measure inertia?

A

Yes, it is how much matter (mass) a body has

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81
Q

Define: Mass

A

A measure of the quantity of matter in an object

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82
Q

Define : Weight

A

A gravitational attraction between two objects

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83
Q

Large mass = ____ gravitational attraction

A

large

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84
Q

What type of measurement remains constant everywhere in the universe?

A

Mass

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85
Q

Weight is a measure of _____

A

force

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86
Q

What type of measurement is different throughout the universe?

A

Weight

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87
Q

T or F : We can not use mass and weight interchangeably

A

False, we CAN use them interchangeably

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88
Q

What is your centre of mass (gravity)?

A

What your rotate about/ around

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89
Q

What are the 3 parts of your centre of mass

A
  1. The point around which the body’s mass is equally distributed in all directions
  2. The balance point of a body (can be outside the body)
  3. Points about which a body rotates free in space
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90
Q

Define: Velocity

A

A body in a “constant state” of motion

stillness or movement

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91
Q

What is the velocity of stillness?

A

0

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92
Q

Define: Acceleration

A

Any change in velocity

It can be positive, or negative (deceleration)

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93
Q

This a body will stay in the same state of motion… unless a ______ changes its ________, … and this change in velocity is called ______

A

Force
Velocity
Acceleration

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94
Q

Do you decelerate when you jump?

A

No, never decelerate

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95
Q

What is required to change motion?

A

A single force

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96
Q

Define: Force

A

Any “cause” (push or a pull) that produces a change in the state of motion (or shape) that is, any “cause” that changes the acceleration of a body

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97
Q

Using bar bell for squats is and example of?

A

Force

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98
Q

What types of motion are caused by the application of force?

A
  1. No displacement (stationary)
  2. Linear displacement
  3. Rotational (angular) displacement
  4. Displacement-to-stationary
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99
Q

Define: No displacement (stationary)

A

Center of mass must be over base

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100
Q

Define: Linear displacement

A

When forces pass directly through the center of mass

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101
Q

What happens when your butt is against the wall and you lean forward? What type of motion is this?

A 
Your center of mass moves outside your base then you fall
No displacement (stationary)
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102
Q

Define: Angular displacement

A

When forces pass “off centre” it causes rotational (angular), and some linear displacement

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103
Q

The further “off center” the force… the ____ the rotation & the ____ the linear displacement

A

Greater

Less

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104
Q

Rotational movement is therefore influenced by both the _____ & the _______ force is applied away from axis of rotation

A

Force

Distance

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105
Q

T or F: Angular motion = force x lever arm

A

True

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106
Q

The lever arm is also called the ______ arm.

Define lever arm

A 
Moment
The distance (perpendicular) from the force to the axis of rotation
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107
Q

Displacent-to-stationary motion is also called

A

Motion-to-no motion (landing)

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108
Q

What type of motion attenuates energy over time?

A

Displacement- to- stationary

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109
Q

What type of motion attenuates energy over the surface area?

A

Displacement- to-stationary

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110
Q

What is human motion caused by?

A

Caused by forces (torques)

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111
Q

T or F: Muscle contractions = acceleration

A

False, Muscle contractions = forces (torques)

112
Q

Define: Human motion

A

Muscles contract (shorten), generate torque, and rotates 1 (or more) segments about a joint (axis)

113
Q

A greater rotation is cause by?

A

A greater force

114
Q

What are the two types to the law of acceleration?

A
  1. Linear motion

2. Rotational motion

115
Q

2nd law of acceleration

Define: Linear motion

A

Acceleration is directly proportional to the force causing it

116
Q

T or F: If the mass is the same, greater force = greater acceleration

A

True

117
Q

Law of Acceleration:

What is the equation for force?

A

F=ma

Force = mass x acceleration

118
Q

Law of Acceleration:

What is the equation for momentum?

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

(ship, bullet, train

119
Q

2nd law of acceleration

Define: Rotational motion

A

Rotational acceleration is proportional to the torque

120
Q

What is the 3rd law of action/ reaction?

A

Every action has an equal, opposite, and concurrent reaction

121
Q

Every action has an equal, opposite, and concurrent reaction… unless?

A

Unless applying more or less force

122
Q

What kind of law says this?

When your arms go backwards, feet go forward to make yourself go farther in long jump

A

3rd law of action/ reaction

123
Q

3rd law:

T or F: While ‘in contact’ the matching reaction force is called Ground Reaction Force

A

True

124
Q

The force coming out of the wall is..?

A

Equal, opposite, and a concurrent force

125
Q

To generate human movement, we must increase the ______________________

A

Ground Reaction Forces

126
Q

Bathroom scale, leaning on a wall, running, jumping, etc. are all example of?

A

Non-contact limbs increasing GRF

127
Q

Which law has the use of contact and non-contact limbs?

A

Newton’s 3rd law (law of action/ reaction)

128
Q

Human motion is caused by which factors? (2-3)

A

Anatomy/ Physiology

Biomechanics

129
Q

Define: Human Motion

A

Muscles generating force (torque) to move (accelerate) skeletal segments (levers about joints (axes)

130
Q

How can movement be initiated?

A

Forces move levers about axes

131
Q

______ muscle provides ____(torque) for the movement…. to provide a torque, muscles must convert ______ energy into ______ work

A

Skeletal, force

Chemical, mechanical

132
Q

What three types of muscle tissues are there?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle

133
Q

Smooth muscle (_______)

  • Located where?
  • ____,_____ contractions
  • Fatigue ________
A

Involuntary

  • In blood vessels, organs, eye iris
  • Slow, uniform contractions
  • Fatigue resistant
134
Q

Cardiac Muscle (_______)

  • ________ impulses
  • Features of both ____ & ___ muscle tissue
  • __________ restistant
A

Involuntary

  • Self generating impulses
  • Features both smooth & skeletal muscle tissue
  • Very fatigue resistant
135
Q

Skeletal muscle (______)

  • Connects ______ via _______
  • _______ leads to fatigue
  • Voluntary or Involuntary
A

Striated

  • Connects bony segments via tendons
  • Repeated contractions leads to fatigue
  • Voluntary (volitional)
136
Q

What are skeletal muscles composed of?

A

Myofibril
Muscle fibre
Muscle fibre bundle

137
Q

Anatomy of a single muscle cell (fiber)

  • diameter of a thin _________
  • max length __ cm (___ in.)
  • Multinucleated ______ cell
A

human hair
12 cm (4.5 in)
Cylindrical cell

138
Q

What is Sarcolemma?

A

The cell membrane

** view picture

139
Q

What is Sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm

**view picture

140
Q

A muscle fibre contains many _______, which are made up of ___________.

A

Myofibrils

Contractile proteins

141
Q

What are the two contractile proteins?

A

Actin & Myosin

142
Q

Define: Actin

A
  • thin filaments

- forms the framework, and slides over myosin filaments

143
Q

Define: Myosin

A
  • Think filaments
144
Q

Define: Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of a muscle fibre (from z-line to z-line)

145
Q

What happens in a muscle contraction? Which one slides over the other?

A

Many sarcomeres shortening (actin sliding the myosin)

146
Q

The sarcomeres can’t be _____, or ________ for the muscles to be efficient

A

too close, or too far

147
Q

What happens when the sarcomeres are too close together?

A

Cross bridges interfere with one another as they form = less force produced

148
Q

Sarcomeres should be an _______ so an optimal number of cross bridges is formed

A

optimal distance apart

149
Q

If the sarcomeres are stetched farther apart than optimal, _____ cross bridges can form = ______ force produced

A

Fewer

Less

150
Q

__________ = (net-like) labyrinth of tubules inside fibre

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

151
Q

T-tubules connect ____________ with ___________

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

outer membrane

152
Q

What is another word for T-tubules?

A

Transverse tubules

153
Q

What is the outer membrane called?

A

The sarcolemma

154
Q

All the myofibrils, fibres, and bundles of fibres are surrounded in ________

A

Connective tissue

155
Q

Connective tissue, comprised mainly of the protein ________, which surrounds all ________, muscle fibres and muscle fibre _______. It is continuous with, and part of, the _______ that join muscle to bone

A

Collagen
Myofibrils
Bundles
Tendons

156
Q

Fiber is surrounded by ________, and forms _______

A

Connective tissue

Tendons

157
Q

Muscles are attached to the ______ to create movement

A

Bones

158
Q

Tendons are the __________ that attach muscle to bone

A

The strong fibrous tissues

159
Q

How muscles work:

What does a muscle need in order to contract?

A

For a muscle to contract, it needs a “drive” mechanism - a neural impulse

160
Q

What is another word for a neural impulse?

A

An action potential

161
Q

What are neural impulses?

A

Neural impulses are “electrical” currents that pass along nerve fibres

162
Q

Each “motor” nerve innervates many muscle fibres & is called a _______

A

motor unit

163
Q

Impulses cross gaps (synapses) between?

A

Adjoining nerves

164
Q

Impulses cross gap (motor end plate) to ?

A

Innervate muscle

165
Q

Both gaps (synapses and motor end plate) are crossed using?

A

The neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach)

166
Q

What is the motor endplate?

A

Where impulses arrive at the neuro-muscular junction

167
Q

How do impulses travel? (action potential)

A

Impulses travel:

  • over the sarcolemma
  • through the T-tubules causing…
  • calcium to be released from storage in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
168
Q

The release of Calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes?

A

Causes molecular crossbridging of actin & myosin

169
Q

What happens in the absence of a neural impulse?

A

In the absence of a neural impulse…

  • Calcium is reabsorbed into sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • thus, stopping the contraction
170
Q

Muscles are driven by _____________

A

Neural impulses

171
Q

What are the two parts to the nervous system? And what do each of them contain?

A 
Central Nervous System
- Brain
- Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
- Peripheral Nerves (legs and arms)
172
Q

What are the three parts of the central nervous system?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla

173
Q

Define: cerebral cortex?

A

It plans and initiates voluntary motor activity

174
Q

Define: the Basal Ganglion Mesencephalon?

A

It reflexes in reponse to visual and auditory stimuli

175
Q

Define: Cerebellum?

A

It coordinates complex motor patterns

176
Q

Define: Lower medulla oblongata?

A

The respiratory reflexes

177
Q

Define: The brain stem and spinal cord?

A

The simple cranial and spinal reflexes

178
Q

What happens when the motor cortex sends a signal?

A

The motor cortex sends a signal to the cerebellum, and the thalamus + basal ganglia, –> then back to the motor cortex, and down to the medulla –> down the spinal tract (pyramidal) –> along the spinal nerve to a specific motor unit muscle

179
Q

Motor control of movement:
Muscle contraction needs __________
Volitional contraction is a ________ impulse

A

Neural Drive

Efferent impulse

180
Q

Motor control of movement:

What are the five steps?

A

1) Starts in the motor cortex of the cerebrum
2) Cross over (decussation) in the medulla
3) Down a specific spinal tract (pyramidal)
4) Along a spinal never
5) Via a motor unit to specific muscle

181
Q

In the motor cortex, what is it modified by?

A

Modified by the sensory info via cerebellum, (& thalamus, basal ganglia, etc.)

182
Q

1 nerve has how many fibres?

A

Many

183
Q

What is another word for cross over?

A

Decussation

184
Q

Muscles create torque & _______________ BUT, coordinated movement requires ____________

A

Move levers about axes

Sensory feedback

185
Q

Sensory Control of Movement:

Does what? What kind of impulse?

A

Moves from receptors to CNS and is an afferent impulse

186
Q

What does efferent mean?

What does afferent mean?

A
  • Leaving the brain

- Going to the brain

187
Q

Sensory Control of Movement:

What are the five steps?

A

1) Starts in receptor
2) Via a specific spinal tract
3) Cross over (decussation) in medulla
4) To sensory cortex with offshoots to cerebellum
5) If signal is of sufficient magnitude, it will illicit a spinal reflex

188
Q

Name your primary senses (5)

A 
Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch
189
Q

Define: Kinesthetic sense
How does it work?
Example?

A
  • It is your most important individual sense, you can’t function without it.
  • It works without using the other senses
    EX. knowing where your arm is without looking at it
190
Q

What are the two parts to the Kinesthetic sense?

A

Vestibular system and Proprioceptive system

191
Q

What is your vestibular system?
Located?
Example?

A

It tells us where our body is in space
- Semi-circular canals in inner ear (6 of them)
- has nothing to do with sound, tells your brain your still moving (after spinning)
EX. knowing the elevator is going up without seeing it

192
Q

What is your proprioceptive system?
Located?
Example?

A

It tells us where our body parts are relative to our body

  • In muscle, tendon and joint capsules
  • EX. ability to know where your arm is, without seeing it
193
Q

What are the parts to proprioception?

A

1) Muscle spindle
2) Tendon receptors
3) Joint capsule receptors

194
Q

Propropception - muscle spindle:

Define: Muscle spindle

A

Muscle spindles sense stretch in a muscle, and they are very sensitive to the rate of stretch

195
Q

Propropception - muscle spindle:

Define: Stretch reflex (myotatic)

A

Stretched muscle causes reflexive contraction of muscle being stretched

196
Q

Propropception - muscle spindle:

Sensory impulse is also sent to _______

A

Cerebellum

197
Q

If you stretch a muscle fast, it will ________

A

Reflex involuntarily (contract)

198
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

They send a signal to your brain

199
Q

What would happen if you stretch downwards before jumping up?

A

You would jump higher

200
Q

Steps of muscle spindle - stretch reflex? (5)

A

1) Stimulus - Stretching of muscle stimulates muscle spindles
2) Activation of a sensory neuron
3) Information processing at motor neuron
4) Activation of motor unit
5) Response - Contraction of muscle

201
Q

Proproception - tendon receptors:
Define: Tendon receptors
Also called?

A

Senses muscle tension, that is, they sense stretch caused by contraction
- Golgi tendon organ

202
Q

Proproception - tendon receptors:

Define: Inverse myotatic reflex

A

Tension on tendon causes reflexive inhibition of muscle being contracted

203
Q

Where is the sensory impulse sent to from the tendon receptors?

A

Cerebrum

204
Q

What happens to the tendons when muscle is shortening (contraction)?

A

The tendons are stretched

205
Q

What does yelling do?

A

It makes you dis inhibit your inhibition

206
Q

Proproception - Joint capsule receptors:

Define: Joint capsule receptors

A

Senses movement/ compression of joint capsule

207
Q

Proproception - Joint capsule receptors:

Where is the sensory impulse sent to?

A

Cerebellum

208
Q

Proprioceptors fire where?

A

To the brain

209
Q

Coordinated movement needs _________; in particular _________ feedback, and very particularly __________ feedback

A

Sensory feedback
Kinesthetic
Proprioceptive

210
Q

Muscles are driven by neural impulses, which can be: __________, and _________

A

Volitional

Reflexive (EX. babies grabbing your finger)

211
Q

All biological (living) processes require the transfer of _______ energy, into ______ energy

A

Bound (potential)

Free

212
Q

Energy can be transformed between many different forms:
solar, thermal, ________
Electrical, ________

A

Chemical

Mechanical

213
Q

Energy releasing from the sun (solar energy) drives _______ in plants (free energy), resulting in ________________ (bound chemical energy)…
Which can be used by animals for biological functioning (____ energy), animals in turn, store ______ &________ (bound chemical energy)

A

Photosynthesis
Stored Carbohydrates (CHO)
Free
CHO & FAT

214
Q

What are examples of bound chemical energy?

A

CHO & FAT

215
Q

Approximately ____ of the human body is a potential energy reserve (which means it is usable for energy)

A

1/2

216
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

In high energy phosphates, primarily

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

217
Q

What is the Universal energy donor?

A

ATP

218
Q

What does ATP do?

A

It couples the energy released from the breakdown of food into a usable form of energy required by all cells

219
Q

T or F: All cells do not use ATP

A

False, all cells do use ATP

220
Q

Explain:

ATP –> ADP + Pi + free energy

A

ATP, using the enzyme of ATPase, breaks down Adrenosine Triphosphate into Adrenosine diphoshate by breaking off a phosphate.
Pi = Inorganic phosphate

221
Q

Why does this happen?

ATP –> ADP + Pi + free energy

A

The energy is just there (ATP), but we have to break off a phosphate to use the energy.

222
Q

Without the ATP conversion, is there is energy?

A

There would be no energy made

223
Q

All the chemical reactions that take place in the body require ______
The sum of all these reactions is called_______

A

Free energy

Metabolism

224
Q

What is required for muscle contraction to take place? For what?

A

ATP is required to supply free energy

225
Q

Muscle cells store a _____ amount of ATP, but there are __ “____________” to produce ATP

A

limited

3 Metabolic pathways

226
Q

Characteristics of ATP (3)

A
  • We don’t have lots of stored ATP
  • We are constantly producing ATP
  • We have limited stored ATP
227
Q

What are the three metabolic pathways?

A
  1. Stored Phosphocreatine (PC)
  2. Breakdown of Glucose (or its stored form glycogen)
  3. Oxidative formation of ATP
228
Q

What is it called when the pathway doesnt need oxygen? (O2) Which ones don’t need oxygen?

A

The first & second pathways don’t require oxygen. Therefore they are called anaerobic

229
Q

What is it called when the pathway needs oxygen? Which path?

A

Aerobic, the third one

230
Q

If you run for a long time, which pathway will you be using?

A

Only the third pathway (Oxidative formation of ATP)

231
Q

Which pathways are you using during most of the time?

A

Using all three most of the time

232
Q

Which system is worn out first?

A

The stored phosphocreatine (or immediate system)

233
Q

What happens after 10 seconds of activity?

A

The breakdown of glucose (or lactic system) crosses the first type and continues to hit its peak

234
Q

What happens after 8 minutes of activity?

A

The 2nd step (breakdown of glucose) is decreasing, and the oxidative form of ATP (or oxygen) kicks in

235
Q

VIEW SLIDES!!!!

A

Equations

236
Q

Stored Phosphocreatine (PC):

  • Provides ______ supply of ATP
  • ___________ stores
  • Lasts less than ___ seconds
  • Recovery: __ min full, __ sec 1/2 recovery
  • Anaerobic _______ (no lactic acid)
  • does NOT need ____, restores itself _____
  • training does NOT increase its _________
A
  • Rapid
  • Limited
  • 10
  • 3 min, 30 sec
  • alactate
  • oxygen, quickly
  • capacity
237
Q

Stored Phosphocreatine (PC)

  • can produce a _______ amount of energy in a short amount of time
  • Duration _____
  • Energy source = _______
  • Limiting factors = ______________
A
  • very large
  • 7-12 seconds
  • Stored ATP, CP
  • Initial concentration of high energy phosphates (ATP, PC)
238
Q

Stored Phosphocreatine:

Training does little to increase capacity of the __________________

A

Anaerobic alactate system

239
Q

What does the anaerobic breakdown of glucose do?

A

It transfers bound energy from glucose to rejoin P to ADP

240
Q
  1. Breakdown of Glucose:
    - Occurs in the ______ of muscle cells
    - Provide energy as long as stores last __ sec to __ mins
    - Accumulates ________
    - Thus called ______________ system
A
  • Sarcoplasm
  • 20 seconds to 3 minutes
  • Lactic acid
  • Anaerobic lactate system
241
Q
  1. Breakdown of Glucose:
    Products of glycosis/ molecule of glucose = ___________
    By-product/ molecule of glucose
A
  • 2 molecules of ATP

- 2 molecules of lactic acid

242
Q

Lactic acid is used to store _______ and ________ until they can be processed by the _______ system

A

Pyruvate
Hydrogen ions
Aerobic

243
Q

At this moment, practically every cell on earth is burning _____ as a prelude to both _______ and ______ ____________

A

Glucose

Anaerobic and aerobic respiration (functioning of the cell)

244
Q

T or F: All cells make ATP using oxygen (O2), but not all use glucose

A

False; all cells make ATP using glucose, but not all use oxygen (O2)

245
Q

The primary source of substrates is __________:

  • primary dietary source of _______
  • Primary _______ for brain, muscles, heart, liver
A

Carbohydrates

  • glucose
  • energy fuels
246
Q

T or F: Muscles store glycogen for more exercise/training

Liver is a large storage source

A

True

True

247
Q

What is the carbohydrate breakdown & storage path?

A

Complex carbohydrates - Digestive system
Glucose - Blood stream
Circulation of glucose around the body –> (Glucose stored in blood)
Glycogen stored in muscle or liver

248
Q

Anaerobic threshold:

  • The exercise intensity at which _______ begins to accumulate in the _______
  • The point during exercise where the person begins to feel ______ and _____ sensations in their muscles
  • Also estimated by _____ Threshold when ventilation becomes ____ (breathing heavier)
A
  • Lactic acid, blood
  • Discomfort, burning
  • Ventilatory, non linear
249
Q

Effects of training on anaerobic system:

a) Reduce the rate of _____ production by increasing effectiveness of ____ system
b) Increase rate of lactate elimination by:
- Increasing rate of ______ diffusion from active muscles
- Increasing muscle _______
- Increasing ability to metabolize _____ in heart, liver & non-working muscle
c) Improve the tolerance to increase _____

A

a) lactate, aerobic
b) lactic acid, blood flow, lactate
c) acidity

250
Q
  1. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
    - Occurs in ______ of muscle cell (about __/cell- increased with training)
    - _______ to ATP, no lactic acid
    - __ times more ATP/ unit of glucose than ______ processes
    - Yields __ ATP per glucose molecule
A
  • Mitochondria, 300
  • Glycogen
  • 18, anaerobic
  • 36
251
Q
  1. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
    Primary source of energy (__-__%) in exercise lasting longer than __ mins provided that:
    a) working muscles have sufficient _____ to meet energy needs
    b) Sufficient ___ is supplied to the mitochondria
    c) ____ or intermediate products do no limit the Kreb’s cycle
A

70-95%, 10 mins

a) Mitochondria
b) Oxygen
c) Enzymes

252
Q
  1. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
    Primary source of energy for the exercise performed at low intensity
    - Energy yield from 1 molecule of glucose is __ ATP molecules
    - Energy yield from 1 molecule of fat up to ___ ATP molecules
    - By-products: _________ & _________
A
  • 36
  • 169
  • carbon dioxide & water
253
Q

Name the two pathways in the Aerobic production of ATP and where they are located

A

1) Kreb’s Cycle in mitochondrion

2) Cori Cycle in the liver

254
Q
  1. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
    Kreb’s Cycle
    - Production of ATP in the _______ of cells (muscle cells in this case)
    … using ___, _____ and _____
    … while giving ___ and ____ as byproducts
A
  • Mitochondria
  • CHO, fats (protein) and oxygen
  • CO2 and H2O
255
Q
  1. Aerobic (oxidative) production of ATP:
    Cori Cycle
    Lactic acid is taken to the ____ to be metabolized back into ______ & then _____
A

liver
pyruvic acid
glucose

256
Q

What are the two fuels of the aerobic system?

What are they each made up of?

A

1) Carbohydrates (glycogen & glucose)

2) Fats (triglycerides & fatty acids)

257
Q

What type of fuel for the aerobic system is found in dairy products, meats, nuts, and some veggies?

A

Fats

258
Q

What is the body’s largest store of energy, that cushions the vital organs, protects the body from the cold, and serves to transport vitamins?

A

Fats

259
Q

Each gram of fat contains __ Calories of energy

T or F: fat stored in muscle is good

A

9

True

260
Q

Increases on the aerobic capacity are due to:

  • Oxidative _____ increase
    • Number, size & efficiency of ________ increased (up to ___%)
  • Increase _____ stores (up to ___%)
A
  • Enzyme
    • Mitochondria, 250%
  • Glycogen
    • 200%
261
Q

Increases on the aerobic capacity are due to:
______ delivery capacity increased
- ______ increase (_-__%)
-________ increases (up to ___%)

A

Oxygen

  • Capillaries (5-15%)
  • Myoglobin (up to 80%)
262
Q 
Increases on the aerobic capacity are due to:
Increased \_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_) stored in muscle cells (up to \_\_\_%) & increased use of fat
A

triglyceride (fat), 150%

263
Q

Define: Aerobic power

Abbreviation

A 
It is evaluated by the maximal volume of oxygen that can be consumed in a given time per kilogram of body mass
VO2 max (ml/min/kg)
264
Q

Name the three factors contributing to high aerobic power

A

1) Cardiac output (HR x stroke volume)
2) Arterial oxygen content
3) tissue oxygen extraction

265
Q

What does arterial oxygen content depend on?

A

Depends on ventilation & O2 carrying the capacity of blood

266
Q

How do we determine the tissue oxygen extraction? how could we increase it?

A

Arterial minus venous O2 difference

Increase by more myoglobin

267
Q
  • At rest CHO & Fats use __:___ for energy
  • Short duration of exercise = nearly all ___
  • Mild/severe exercise = more ___ than ___
  • Prolonged less intense exercise = more ___
A

50:50
CHO
more CHO than fat
Fat

268
Q

Which two ways can we test the power of our Anaerobic Alactate System? (stored phosphocreatine)

A

1) Margaria Test (12 stair sprint - measuring velocity between step 8 and 12)
2) Quebec Test (bicycle ergometer - 10 sec)

269
Q

In which way can we test the power of our Anaerobic Energy System? (alactate & lactate)

A

Wingate Test ( 30 sec all out bicycle ergometer test - gaz and blood samples)

270
Q

We can compare capacity of the Anaerobic Energy systems (alactate & lactate) by:

  • timing a series of __ short distance sprints (40 m) (with rests of __ sec in between)
  • calculate average velocity of the first __ sprints
  • Calculate average velocity of the last __ sprints
  • by dividing the final 3’s average, by 1st 3’s average and express as %, (you are showing _________________________)
A
  • 10, 25 sec
  • 3
  • 3
  • the ratio of how the last sprints compared to the first ones
271
Q

Competitive athletes Anaerobic Energy System:

  1. Superior =
  2. Good =
  3. Sub-par =
  4. Poor =
A
  1. > 90%
  2. 85-89%
  3. 80-84%
  4. <79%
272
Q

How can we assess the Aerobic Energy System?

A

Step tests, running tests, swimming tests, cycling tests, treadmill tests, etc.

273
Q

How can we expect s training adaptation?

A

If you exercise frequently at a level greater than your normal habitual level
**In other words, you must stress of “load” your body’s tissues

274
Q

Adaptation to training:
- Tissues are ______, then ______
- Restoration is usually to a ____ level than before
.. which is also called _____ (or __________)
- To get continued adaptations, you must ___________ your “loading”

A
  • depleted, then restored
  • higher
  • Compensation (or super compensation)
  • Progressively increase
275
Q

Adaptations to training (Loading):

  • Speed, power, coordination are what?
  • Morphological (size and shape)
    • _______ of muscle, tendon
    • _______ (higher density)
  • What type of adaptation has increased glycogen stores, and red blood cells?
A
  • Function (neural adaptations)
    • Hypertrophy
    • Bone accretion
  • Metabolic (anaerobic, aerobic)

Kin 121 (3 decks)

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