Lectures 2 & 3. Brief Review of Auditory Neuroscience Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
refers to higher-level cognitive skills used to control/coordinate other cognitive abilities and behaviors
A
Executive Function
2
Q
Executive Function
A
refers to higher-level cognitive skills used to control/coordinate other cognitive abilities and behaviors
3
Q
___________ is involved in executive function
A
The frontal lobe, specifically the prefrontal cortex, is involved in executive function
4
Q
what is involved is excetive function?
A
Frontal lobe - prefrontal cortex
5
Q
Executive functions can be divided into what
A
Organization Abilities
Regulation Abilities
6
Q
Organization Abilities
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Part 1 of executive function
* Attention, planning, sequencing, problem-solving, working memory, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, selecting relevant sensory info
7
Q
Regulation Abilities
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Part 2 executive function
* Initiation of action, self-control, emotional regulation, monitoring internal and external stimuli, initiating and inhibiting context-specific behavior, moral reasoning, decision-making
8
Q
______ is used for computation, thinking, memory storage, etc.
A
The gray matter is used for computation, thinking, memory storage, etc.
9
Q
Gray matter
A
The gray matter is used for computation, thinking, memory storage, etc.
10
Q
________ allows different parts of the brain to communicate with each other
A
White matter
11
Q
white matter
A
The white matter allows different parts of the brain to communicate with each other
12
Q
The axons connecting one hemisphere of the brain to the other
A
Corpus Callosum
13
Q
_____ It contains a high myelin content, which facilitates quicker transmission of information
A
Corpus Callosum
14
Q
- Dichotic listening
- Binaural listening and localization
- Auditory figure-ground
- When there is more than one signal-
some sort of background noise is
present
- When there is more than one signal-
- Perception of midline fusion
A
Auditory functions of CC
15
Q
Name the auditory functions of corpus callosum
A
- Dichotic listening
- Binaural listening and localization
- Auditory figure-ground
- When there is more than one signal-
some sort of background noise is present
- When there is more than one signal-
- Perception of midline fusion
16
Q
Damage/dysfunction along the _________ can have a significant impact on the interhemispheric exchange of cognitive, sensory, and motor information
A
Transcallosal pathway
17
Q
Name the language functions of corpus callosum
A
- Phonological processing
- Linking of prosodic and linguistic input for judging communicative intent
- Development of interhemispheric specialization
- Syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic functions
18
Q
________forms the heart of Wernicke’s area and is one of the most important functional areas for language and music
A
Planum Temporale
18
Q
- Phonological processing
- Linking of prosodic and linguistic input for judging communicative intent
- Development of interhemispheric specialization
- Syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic functions
A
Language functions of Corpus Callosum
19
Q
A
20
Q
significant leftward asymmetry in normal individuals
A
The Planum Temporale shows a significant leftward asymmetry in normal individuals
21
Q
True or false
Left ward asymmerty of the planum temporale is only seen in individuals with lanague issues such as dyslexia
A
FALSE
* significant leftward asymmetry in normal individuals
* leftward asymmetry is reduced in individuals with language issues such as dyslexia and schizophrenia
22
Q
Relay center for the nervous system
A
Thalamus
23
Q
Thalamus
A
Relay center for the nervous system
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It is vital for temperature control, emotional states, and control over the autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus
It is vital for temperature control, emotional states, and control over the autonomic nervous system
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located in the Heschl's gyrus of the superior temporal lobe
core is tonotopically organized, meaning that neurons in different parts of the core respond to different frequencies
Core (A1)
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Involved in conscious awareness of sound
Core A1
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Core A1
* Includes the primary auditory cortex (A1), located in the Heschl's gyrus of the superior temporal lobe
* The core is tonotopically organized, meaning that neurons in different parts of the core respond to different frequencies
*** Involved in conscious awareness of sound**
28
It is the area immediately surrounding the core
These cells may show frequency tuning in response to pure tones or narrowband noise
Belt (A2)
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Belt (A2)
* It is the area immediately surrounding the core
* These cells may show frequency tuning in response to pure tones or narrowband noise
30
_______ involved in many aspects of sound processing, including:
* Perceiving the pitch of a sound
* Determining where a sound is coming from
* Identifying the source of a sound
* Recognizing aspects of sound that are specific to speech
Auditory cortex
31
Auditory cortex is involved in ____
in sound processing, including:
* Perceiving the pitch of a sound
* Determining where a sound is coming from
* Identifying the source of a sound
* Recognizing aspects of sound that are specific to speech
32
The area adjacent to the lateral side of the belt
They are principally innervated by belt areas and project to auditory association areas concerned with memory or decision-making
These cells here are unlikely to respond to pure tones and but rather respond to complex stimuli such as speech
Parabelt (A3)
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Parabelt A3
* The area adjacent to the lateral side of the belt
* They are principally innervated by belt areas and project to auditory association areas concerned with memory or decision-making
* These cells here are unlikely to respond to pure tones and but rather respond to complex stimuli such as speech
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concerned with memory or decision making
Parabelt (A3)
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respond to complex stimuli such as speech
Parabelt A3
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Cortical neurons of the ________ can precisely represent the timing (temporal encoding) of phonetically important components of speech
primary auditory cortex
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They develop concepts of auditory space for localization
Primary auditory cortex
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dominant for language function in
Left hemisphere
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primarily involved in perception of nonlinguistic stimuli
right hemisphere
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Efferent fibers run from the a________ to the _______
Efferent fibers run from the auditory cortex to the cochlea
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_____ is known to mediate several auditory mechanisms
Efferent fibers
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______ is thought to mediate both excitatory and inhibtory activity
Efferent fibers
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_____ is implicated in identification of signal detection in nosie
Efferent fibers
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The _________ extends from _____ to fibers to _______, primarily _____
The **olivocochlear bundle (OCB)** extends from **SOC** to fibers to cochlear hair cells, primarily **OHCs**
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The ________ is believed to bring about OAE suppression (important for hearing in noise?)
Medial OCB
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Ability of a test to correctly identify those WITH the disease
Sensitivity
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Sensitivity
Ability of a test to correctly identify those WITH the disease
A test with high sensitivity has few false negatives
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Ability of a test to correctly identify those WITHOUT the disease
Specificity
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Specificity
* Ability of a test to correctly identify those WITHOUT the disease
* A test with high specificity has few false positives
50
When sensitivity versus specificity is plotted, it is called
receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC)
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ROC
When sensitivity versus specificity is plotted, it is called receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC)
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______ helps determining patient bias
AUC- area under the curve
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ROC is considered
* An effective measure of accuracy and meaningful interpretations of test results
* This curve plays a central role in evaluating diagnostic ability of tests to discriminate the true state of subjects (diseased vs. not-diseased)
* It helps finding the optimal cut off values for normal vs. abnormal test results
* It can compare two alternative diagnostic tasks when each task is performed on the same subject
54
* An effective measure of accuracy and meaningful interpretations of test results
* This curve plays a central role in evaluating diagnostic ability of tests to discriminate the true state of subjects (diseased vs. not-diseased)
* It helps finding the optimal cut off values for normal vs. abnormal test results
* It can compare two alternative diagnostic tasks when each task is performed on the same subject
ROC
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Theories of pitch perception
Place Theory
Temporal of Volley Theory: The role of auditory neurons
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* maximum stimulation, based on tonotopic organization along the basilar membrane
* believed to play a larger role in pitch perception at high frequencies
* Breaksdown at 5k+
Place Theory
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* Auditory neurons phase lock to vibrations of the BM
* When low frequency tones are heard, neurons tend to fire at a particular phase of the waveform so that the neural spikes are at or close to the integer multiples of the period of the pure-tone
* Different frequencies produce different patterns of neural spikes across time
* Breaks down at 5k +
Temporal Theory: The role of auditory neurons
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Place Theory
* maximum stimulation, based on tonotopic organization along the basilar membrane
* believed to play a larger role in pitch perception at high frequencies
* Breaksdown at 5k+
58
Temporal Theory
* Auditory neurons phase lock to vibrations of the BM
* When low frequency tones are heard, neurons tend to fire at a particular phase of the waveform so that the neural spikes are at or close to the integer multiples of the period of the pure-tone
* Different frequencies produce different patterns of neural spikes across time
* Breaks down at 5k +
59
This sound consists of a complex tone made up of a fundamental and subsequent higher harmonics
* The first tone heard has all the frequencies
* The second tone has the fundamental removed but maintains all of the higher harmonics
* Each successive tone sequentially removes the lowest harmonic
* Notice that although the character of each note changes, the pitch remains the same
Pitch of the missing fundamental
60
Pitch of the missing fundamental
This sound consists of a complex tone made up of a fundamental and subsequent higher harmonics
* The first tone heard has all the frequencies
* The second tone has the fundamental removed but maintains all of the higher harmonics
* Each successive tone sequentially removes the lowest harmonic
* Notice that although the character of each note changes, the pitch remains the same
61
Cochlear hearing loss is associated with reduced frequency selectivity, i.e., broader auditory filters
Pitch Perception with Cochlear Hearing Loss – Complex Tones
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Pitch Perception with Cochlear Hearing Loss – Complex Tones
Cochlear hearing loss is associated with reduced frequency selectivity, i.e., broader auditory filters
* Resolution of harmonics of complex tones becomes difficult, especially for moderate number of harmonics
* freqeuncy resolution
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the ability to detect changes over time between two brief stimuli (gap detection)
Temporal resolution
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Two processes of temporal resolution
Within-channel gap detection threshold
Across-channels gap detection threshold
65
* Analysis of time-patterns within each “frequency channel” on BM
* It is the minimum time needed to detect a gap between sounds that have the same spectrum (3 ms)
Within-channel gap detection threshold
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Within-channel gap detection threshold
* Analysis of time-patterns within each “frequency channel” on BM
* It is the minimum time needed to detect a gap between sounds that have the same spectrum (3 ms)
67
* It is the minimum time needed to detect a gap between sounds that are spectrally dissimilar (e.g., tone and noise) or
* The minimum time needed to detect a gap between sounds presented to two ears
Across-channels gap detection threshold
68
Across-channels gap detection threshold
* It is the minimum time needed to detect a gap between sounds that are spectrally dissimilar (e.g., tone and noise) or
* The minimum time needed to detect a gap between sounds presented to two ears
69
Duplex theory of sound localization
* Interaural temporal (or phase) difference (ITD or IPD)
* Interaural level difference (ILD)
* Minimum Audible Angle (MAA)
70
Provides localization information for low frequency stimuli
Interaural temporal (or phase) difference (ITD or IPD)
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Provides localization information for high frequency stimuli
Interaural level difference (ILD)
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detection of small shifts in position of sound source (sinusoids) between reference and comparison signals
MAA
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When two signal frequencies are close together, _____ are produced by adding and subtracting from each other.
beats
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____ = waxing and waning on signal
Beats
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Number of beats/second =
Number of beats/second = | fS2 - fS1 |
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Beats =
amplitude vs time
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Beats will not be heard when________
Beats will not be heard when they are the same frequency or if the frequencies are >50 to 100 Hz (brain hears 2 signals).
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