- Pyramids (decussation) - Hypoglossal nerve - Olivary eminance - Spinal Accessory Nerve - Vagus Nerve - Glossophayngeal Nerve - Cuneate tubercle - Clava (gracile tubercule)

- located on ventral side of medulla - contain corticospinal fibers

- Anterior lobe - Posterior lobe - Vermis - Tonsils

Lectures 24-25: Part 1 Flashcards by Daniel Shelton

Nervous System contains…

CNS
Brain
Spinal Cord

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Peripheral Nervous System contains…

Nerves

- Ganglia

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Rostral

Toward the front of the head

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Cephalic

Toward the head

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Caudal

Toward the tail

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Ipsilateral

Same side

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Contralateral

Opposite side

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CNS Development - 1st week following conception

Development of neural plate

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CNS Development - 2nd week following conception

Neural plate invaginates to form neural groove

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CNS Development - 3rd week following conception

Neural groove closes to form the neural tube
Neural crest cells form the dorsal root ganglia
Notochord forms the nucleus pulposus

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Primary brain vesicles

Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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(auxiliary) Brain vesicles - rostral to caudal

Cerebrum (telencephalon)
Thalamus & hypothalamus (diencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Cerebellum & pons (metencephalon)
Medulla (myelencephalon)

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Brainstem consists of…

Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Pons (metencephalon)
Medulla (myelencephalon)
Fourth ventricle

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The brainstem is connected to the cerebellum via…

3 cerebellar peduncles

superior
middle
inferior

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Parts of the medulla

Pyramids (decussation)
Hypoglossal nerve
Olivary eminance
Spinal Accessory Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Glossophayngeal Nerve
Cuneate tubercle
Clava (gracile tubercule)

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The Pyramids…

located on ventral side of medulla

- contain corticospinal fibers

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Parts of cerebellum

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Vermis
Tonsils

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Cerebellum: anterior lobe

Receives input from spine

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Cerebellum: posterior lobe

Receives input from cerebral cortex

Cerebellum: vermis

Formed first

- Equilibrium and balance

Cerebellum: tonsils

Squeeze brainstem during swelling, causing circulation to brainstem to stop

<p>Brainstem Reticular Formation</p>

<p>- drive respiratory mechanism - help integrate cardiovascular reflexes - govern muscle tone, consciousness, and awareness</p>

Brainstem Reticular Foramen: Ascending

Ascends up to Cerebral Cortex
Consciousness cells cycle (on/off)
can be altered by drugs, caffeine, and anesthesia

Brainstem Reticular Foramen: Descending

Respiration cells cycle (on/off)

Cerebellar lesions: Ataxia

gross lack of coordination and muscle movements - Truncal: trouble holding trunk upright - Gait: trouble walking

Cerebellar lesions: Dysynergia

inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements | - intention tremor: tremor when trying to do something

Cerebellar lesions: Dysmetria

lack of coordination by overshoot or undershoot of limb | - past pointing

Diencephalan consists of...

- thalamus - hypothalamus - subthalamus - epithalamus

Third ventricle is located...

- between the thalamic lobes - hypothalamus as floor - corpus collosum as roof

Thalamus

- largest portion of diencephalan | - acts as a "relay station" for information to cerebral cortex

Internal Medullary Lamina

Band of fibers seen in the thalamus that helps to separate the three different functional nuclear groups (relay, diffuse, association)

Thalamus nuclear group: relay

carry general or special sensation from incoming systems to cerebral cortex; most specific

Thalamus nuclear group: diffuse

carry information from the reticular formation to the relay nuclei (and hence to cerebral cortex); help to screen out excess info

Thalamus nuclear group: association

- interconnect various portions of the cerebral cortex with each other - helps you to know what incoming info is - 90% of nuclei are association nuclei; performs independently of the other two

Massa intermedia

Gray matter bridging the third ventricle and connects two lobes of thalamus

Hypothalamus

Integrating center for the autonomic nervous system - Anterior hypothalamus (parasympathetic responses) - Posterior hypothalamus (sympathetic responses)

Hypothalamic Sulcus

Separates thalamus from hypothalamus

Optic chiasm

Where optic nerve crosses

Diaphragma Sellae

Dura Mater that covers pituitary gland as it passes through hypophyseal fossa

Pituitary Gland: two parts

- Anterior Pituitary (adenhypophysis) | - Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Anterior Pituitary

- Hormone production and release regulated by hypothalamus - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Posterior Pituitary

- Releases hormones produced by hypothalamus | - Oxytocin and vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Epithalamus

- posterior to thalamus - houses pineal gland/body (secretes melatonin) - Regulates sleep/wake cycle, but calcifies in adolescence

Subthalamus

- houses subthalamic nucleus (refines voluntary movement) | - prevents dyskinesia

Dyskinesia

- "bad movement" - Hemiballismus - Parkinson's disease (caused by degeneration of Substantia Nigra (SN))

Where do the corticospinal fibers of the medulla cross?

at the pyramid decussation (so right brain can control left, and vice versa)