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Pulmonology > Lectures 3-5 > Flashcards

Lectures 3-5 Flashcards

1
Q

How important are respiratory diseases in horses?

Cattle?

A

Second to MS system regarding limiting horses athletic abilities

Significant cause of morbidity in cattle

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2
Q

What are some clinical signs exclusive to respiratory system?

What signs can be commonly associated with (but not exclusive to) resp disease?

A

Cough, nasal discharge, epistaxis, hemoptysis, resp distress, abnormal resp noises

Tachypnea, fever, cyanosis, exercise intolerance

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3
Q

What are important components of history taking?

A

Signalment, intended use, nature/duration/progression of clinical signs, number of animals affected, previous treatments, vaccine hisotry

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4
Q

What things should you do in your general exam for resp disease

A 
Observe from distance
Look for nasal discharge
Evaluate airflow through nose
Check mm color and CRT
Palpate larynx and trachea
Percuss paranasal sinuses
Check ventral abdomen, muzzle, and limbs for edema
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5
Q

What should normal paranasal sinuses sound like?

A

Symmetric drums

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6
Q

What are the normal resp rates for horses, cattle, and sheep/goats?

A

Horses: 8-24; 25-40 for neonates

Cattle: 12-36; 30-60 for neonates

Sheep/goats: 12-40; 30-70 for neonates

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7
Q

What do crackles sound like and what are they caused by?

A

Short, sharp, explosive sounds

Come from when a collapsed lung suddenly pops open from pressure

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8
Q

What other abnormal lung sounds might you hear?

A

Wheezes
Friction rubs
Absence of lung sounds (fluid everywhere)
Increased lung sounds (pneumonia or other disease process where only large airways are open

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9
Q

What can you do increase lung sounds for you to hear

A

Rebreathing exam

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10
Q

What is the purpose of thoracic percussion?

A

Differentiates airated lung from fluid filled lung

Identify consolidation, abscesses, and pleural effusion

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11
Q

What structures can you identify with endoscopy?

A 
Nasal cavities
Ethmoid turbinates
Pharynx
Larynx and epiglottis
Trachea/bronchi
Guttural pouches
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12
Q

What structures can you evaluate through upperairway radiography

A

Head- nasal cavities, sinuses, ethmoids, teeth

Pharynx- epiglottis, soft palate, guttural pouches

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13
Q

What structures can you evaluate using lower airway radiography

A

Lungs- different patters

Heart- not used a lot in horses

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14
Q

When would you use ultrasound?

A

To evaluate pleural space and peripheral lung

Cannot penetrate lung parenchyma or deep lesions within the lung

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15
Q

When would you use a nasal wash?

A

To detect microorganisms that do not usually colonize upper airways (like S. Zooepidemicus)
Can detect viruses or S. Equi equi

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16
Q

When would you do a tracheobronchial aspirate/transtracheal wash

A

To obtain culture of lower airways when pneumonia is suspected

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17
Q

When would you do a bronchoalveolar lavage?

A

When diffuse disease is present NOT when a focal disease (like pnemuonia) is suspected because it is just taking a tiny piece of lung

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18
Q

When would you perform a thoracocentesis

A

When pleural effusion is suspected

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19
Q

What are the infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract

A

Strangles
Guttural pouch diseases
Sinusitis
Viral respiratory diseases

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20
Q

What are diseases of the lower respiratory tract?

A 
Foal pneumonia
Rhodococcus equi 
Pneumonia/pleuropneumonia 
Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
Heaves
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21
Q

What microbe causes strangles?

A

S. Equi qui

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22
Q

How is strangles transmitted?

A

Direct contact

Indirect contact through contaminated fomites (buckets, feed, pasture)

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23
Q

Clinical signs of strangles

A

Fever, depression, lymphadenopathy of retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph nodes, respiratory distress, random abscesses

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24
Q

When do most horses stop shedding strangles?

A

3-6 weeks after resolution of clinical signs but some horses may become chronic asymptomatic carriers

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25
Q

If a horse is an asymptomatic carrier, where is the site of carriage?

A

Guttural pouch

26
Q

How would you diagnose strangles?

A

Clinical signs of abscessed lymph nodes, nasal/pharyngeal swab, nasal flush (3x), guttural pouch flush (1x)

27
Q

If a horse has early clinical signs without lymph node abscessation, what can you treat it with?

What about after a horse has lymph node signs?

A

Penicillin

Supportive care and promote maturation/drainage of abscessed lymph nodes

28
Q

What are complications that can arise from strangles?

A 
Pneumonia
Guttural pouch empyema and/or chondroids
Bastard strangles
Purpura hemorrhagica
Myocarditis/endocarditis
Glomerulonephritis
29
Q

What is bastard strangles?

A

Abscessed lymph nodes elsewhere on the body

30
Q

What is purpura hemorrhagica

A

Acute necrotizing immune mediated vasculitis

31
Q

What clinical signs will you see with purpura hemorrhagica

A

Warm, painful edema of the limb, ventral abdomen, and face
Petechial hemorrhaging
Fever
Stiffness

32
Q

How to treat purpura hemorrhagica

A

Peniciilin, corticosteroids, supportive therapy

33
Q

Describe the strangles vaccines

A

Intramuscular and intranasal are available

Limited efficacy and side effects

34
Q

What is in the medial compartment of the eustachian tubes

A

Internal carotid, cranial nerves 9,10,11,12, cranial cervical ganglion

35
Q

What is in the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch

A

External carotid artery
Maxillary artery
Cranial nerve 7

36
Q

What is guttural pouch empyema

A

Accumulation of exudate in guttural pouches- may solidify to become chondroids

37
Q

Which vessel is most commonly affected by guttural pouch mycoses?

A

Internal carotid

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of guttural pouch mycosis?

A

Epistaxis
Dysphagia
Other random things

39
Q

How to treat guttural pouch mycoses

A

Surgically occlude the proximal and distal affected artery

Can use medicine if a mild case

40
Q

What is guttural pouch tympany

A

Distention of one or both guttural pouches with air; usually affects horses less than 1 year old

41
Q

What are clinical signs of guttural pouch tympany

A

External swelling in parotid area
Dyspnea
Dysphagia

42
Q

How to treat guttural pouch tympany

A

Surgery

43
Q

What is primary sinusitis

A

General inflammation in a sinus

Usually it’s the maxillary sinus and s. Zooepidemicus that is most commonly involved

44
Q

What is secondary sinusitis

A

Inflammation caused by tooth root abscess (usually M1)

45
Q

What are clinical signs of sinusitis

A

Nasal discharge, ozena, ocular discharge, facial sensitivity/deformity

46
Q

How to treat primary and secondary sinusitis

A

Primary- antibiotics and sinus flush

Secondary- antibiotics and extraction or repulsion of tooth

47
Q

What is the most common cause of breakouts of upper respiratory disease in horses?

A

Influenza A

48
Q

What are the two antigenic determinants of influenza virus

A

Hemagglutin and neuraminidase

49
Q

Which two types of flu affect horses

A

H7N7- basically extinct

H3N8- major subtype

50
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Mutation in HA or NA allowing the virus to escape antibodies

51
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Not observed in equine flu

52
Q

What makes the flu so contagious in horses

A

Short incubation and very infectious

53
Q

What are complications of equine flu?

A

Bacterial pneumonia/pleuropneumonia

Myositis, myocarditis

54
Q

How to treat equine flu

A

Rest at least three weeks!

Supportive care

55
Q

Which equine herpes viruses cause resp disease

A

EHV-1 and EHV-4

56
Q

What does EHV-1 cause

A

Abortion, perinatal disease and death, neurologic, resp disease

57
Q

What does EHV-4 cause?

A

Just resp disease

58
Q

How to diagnose EHV

A

Need nasal swabs AND whole blood since it can be viremic

59
Q

Describe the vaccines for EHV

A

Not that effective but reduced shedding and severity of disease

60
Q

What is the leading cause of mortality in foals

A

Foal pnemonia

61
Q

What are clinical signs of foal pneumonia?

A 
Cough
Nasal discharge
Fever
Increased resp rate
Resp distress
62
Q

What is the most common pathogen that causes foal pneumonia

A

S. Zooepidemicus

Pulmonology (10 decks)

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