Lectures 3-5 Flashcards
(62 cards)
How important are respiratory diseases in horses?
Cattle?
Second to MS system regarding limiting horses athletic abilities
Significant cause of morbidity in cattle
What are some clinical signs exclusive to respiratory system?
What signs can be commonly associated with (but not exclusive to) resp disease?
Cough, nasal discharge, epistaxis, hemoptysis, resp distress, abnormal resp noises
Tachypnea, fever, cyanosis, exercise intolerance
What are important components of history taking?
Signalment, intended use, nature/duration/progression of clinical signs, number of animals affected, previous treatments, vaccine hisotry
What things should you do in your general exam for resp disease
Observe from distance Look for nasal discharge Evaluate airflow through nose Check mm color and CRT Palpate larynx and trachea Percuss paranasal sinuses Check ventral abdomen, muzzle, and limbs for edema
What should normal paranasal sinuses sound like?
Symmetric drums
What are the normal resp rates for horses, cattle, and sheep/goats?
Horses: 8-24; 25-40 for neonates
Cattle: 12-36; 30-60 for neonates
Sheep/goats: 12-40; 30-70 for neonates
What do crackles sound like and what are they caused by?
Short, sharp, explosive sounds
Come from when a collapsed lung suddenly pops open from pressure
What other abnormal lung sounds might you hear?
Wheezes
Friction rubs
Absence of lung sounds (fluid everywhere)
Increased lung sounds (pneumonia or other disease process where only large airways are open
What can you do increase lung sounds for you to hear
Rebreathing exam
What is the purpose of thoracic percussion?
Differentiates airated lung from fluid filled lung
Identify consolidation, abscesses, and pleural effusion
What structures can you identify with endoscopy?
Nasal cavities Ethmoid turbinates Pharynx Larynx and epiglottis Trachea/bronchi Guttural pouches
What structures can you evaluate through upperairway radiography
Head- nasal cavities, sinuses, ethmoids, teeth
Pharynx- epiglottis, soft palate, guttural pouches
What structures can you evaluate using lower airway radiography
Lungs- different patters
Heart- not used a lot in horses
When would you use ultrasound?
To evaluate pleural space and peripheral lung
Cannot penetrate lung parenchyma or deep lesions within the lung
When would you use a nasal wash?
To detect microorganisms that do not usually colonize upper airways (like S. Zooepidemicus)
Can detect viruses or S. Equi equi
When would you do a tracheobronchial aspirate/transtracheal wash
To obtain culture of lower airways when pneumonia is suspected
When would you do a bronchoalveolar lavage?
When diffuse disease is present NOT when a focal disease (like pnemuonia) is suspected because it is just taking a tiny piece of lung
When would you perform a thoracocentesis
When pleural effusion is suspected
What are the infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract
Strangles
Guttural pouch diseases
Sinusitis
Viral respiratory diseases
What are diseases of the lower respiratory tract?
Foal pneumonia Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia/pleuropneumonia Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage Heaves
What microbe causes strangles?
S. Equi qui
How is strangles transmitted?
Direct contact
Indirect contact through contaminated fomites (buckets, feed, pasture)
Clinical signs of strangles
Fever, depression, lymphadenopathy of retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph nodes, respiratory distress, random abscesses
When do most horses stop shedding strangles?
3-6 weeks after resolution of clinical signs but some horses may become chronic asymptomatic carriers
