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Pulmonology > Lectures 6-8 > Flashcards

Lectures 6-8 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is rhodococcus equi spread

A

Inhalation from the soil to foal, NOT foal to foal

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2
Q

What are clinical signs of R. Equi

A

Bronchopneumonia

Extrapulmonary disease

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3
Q

What is the only way to make a definitive diagnosis of R. Equi

A

Tracheobronchial aspiration- degenerate neutrophils, gram positive coccobacillus

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4
Q

How to treat R. Equi

A

Macrolide and rifampin

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5
Q

What is pneumonia?

How about pleuropneumonia?

A

Pneumonia- infection involving lung parenchyma

Pleuropneumonia- pneumonia or lung abscess that extends to and involves the visceral pleura

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6
Q

What infectious agents cause pneumonia/pleuropneumonia

A

S. Zooepidemicus
Gram negative bacteria
Anaerobes

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7
Q

How to treat pneumonia/pleuropneumonia

A

Antibiotics, pleural drainage, supportive care, thoracotomy and rib resection

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8
Q

What complications come from pneumonia/pleuropneumonia

A

Endotoxemia, laminitis, pleural/pulmonary abscesses, pneumothorax, pericarditis

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9
Q

What is exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

A

Presence of blood in the airways after intense exercise from failure of pulmonary capillaries during exercise

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10
Q

How to treat EIPH

A

Furosemide prior to racing

Doesn’t prevent hemorrhage, but decreases severity

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11
Q

What clinical signs will you see with heaves

A

Cough, exercise intolerance, abnormal lung sounds, resp distress, increased expiration effort, weight loss

*usually don’t see fever unless complicated by secondary bacterial infection

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12
Q

How to treat heaves

A

Reduce dust/allergen exposure
Corticosteroids
Bronchodilator

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13
Q

Describe cow lungs

A

Well developed lung lobes, well developed lung lobulation, small total alveolar surface area, extensive lymph drainage (pleural effusion is rare)

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14
Q

Which lung is bigger in cattle

A

Right lung- much bigger

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15
Q

What is calf diphteria

A

Infection of soft tissue of oral cavity and/or laryngeal mucosa

Oral necrobacillosis, necrotic laryngitis

Usually caused by T. Pyogenes and fusobacterium necrophorum

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16
Q

What are clinical signs of calf diphteria

A

Fever, anorexia, excessive salivation, halitosis, moist painful cough +/- inspiratory dyspnea when larynx is involved

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17
Q

What is the treatment for calf diphteria

A

Penicillin +/- sulfa

NSAIDS may help

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18
Q

Viral diseases in cattle

A 
Parainfluenza virus type 3
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
Coronavirus
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19
Q

What is the main significance of viral disease in cattle

A

They kill the cells responsible for ciliary escalator and kill macrophages
It immunocompromises them and sets them up for bacterial pneumonia

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20
Q

How are viral resp diseases transmitted in cattle

A

Direct contact or aerosolized

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21
Q

Describe PI3

A

Affects cattle, sheep, and goats;

Have several vaccines

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22
Q

Bovine resp syncytial virus

A

Affects cattle, sheep and goats
Causes flu-like symptoms and immunosuppression
Diagnoses through rqPCR

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23
Q

BHV1.1

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Will see fever, nasal discharge, cough, conjuctivitis, corneal opacities, pustules in nose, hyperemia of nose, abortion, secondar bacterial infection

Can become latent

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24
Q

BRD

A

Bovine respiratory disease complex

Environmental weather conditions, viral infectious, and stress —>
Impaired pulmonary defense mechanisms —> colonization of bacterial pathogens —> bronchopneumonia

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25
Enzootic calf pneumonia- who does it affect
Calves 2 weeks to 5 months old Mostly dairy calves
26
Environmental factors contributing to enzootic calf pneumonia
``` Inadequate ventilation Inadequate temp and humidity Poor sanitation Overcrowding Noxious gases Dust Failure of passive immunity ```
27
Virus factors contributing to enzootic calf pneumonia
IBR, PI3, BRSV (most important), BVD, mycoplasma (can be sole agent)
28
Bacteria contributors to enootic calf pneumonia
P. Multocida, T.pyogenes, M. Hemolytica, H. Somni, Strep, salmonella, e coli, pseudomonas
29
Clinical signs of enzootic calf pneumonia
Fever, cough, nasal discharge, resp distress, bloat, weight loss, large airway sounds in the lungs
30
How to diagnose enzootic calf pneumonia
Hematology, nasal swabs, transtracheal wash, radiograph/US (best way), necropsy
31
How to treat and prevent enzootic calf pneumonia
Antibiotics, NSAIDs, nursing care Can prevent with vx, environmental management (most important), passive transfer
32
Who does shipping fever complex affect
Young cattle that have recently been shipped to sale yards and feedlots
33
What are physical risk factors of shipping fever
Abrupt weaning, overcrowding and interaction with cows from other locations, traveling through rough conditions
34
When would shipping fever complex occur
Peak incidence occurs 7-14 days after arrival at feedlot
35
What are clinical signs of shipping fever
Stand off by themselves, depressed, decreased appetite, increased resp rate, fever, ocular and nasal discharge, moist cough, dyspnea and death in advanced cases
36
What main 3 agents causes shipping fever
Manheimia hemolytica Pasturella multocida Histophilus somni
37
What serotype of M. Haemolytica is most commonly isolated in shipping fever
Serotype A1 | Growth of serotype occurs in nasopharynx after stress
38
Histophilus somni- where is it normally located? What is it a significant cause of in feedlots? What is different about this vs M. Haemolytica
Normal inhabitant of nasopharynx Significant cause of pneumonia in feedlots Can cause bacteriemia and involve other organ systems
39
How to diagnose shipping fever
Hematology Imaging Transtracheal wash Necropsy
40
What drugs do you have to avoid when treating shipping fever in feedlots
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin) Chloramphenicol Excessive doses
41
How to treat shipping fever
Approved antibiotics Nsaids (flunixin) NO steroids Supportive therapy
42
How to prevent shipping fever
- Preconditioning- wean, vaccinate, castrate and all those other things 3 weeks before shipping - Avoid auction yards and overcrowding - Vaccination on arrival at feedlot if not before - Antimicrobial therapy on arrival at feedlot (metaphylaxis)
43
What vaccines should you give to prevent shipping fever
Vaccinate against viral agents H. Somni vx M. Haemolytica vx
44
What is vena caval thrombosis and metastatic pneumonia
Abscessation of lungs caused by septic thromboembolism - emboli usually originate from caudal venal cava - commonly occur secondary to ruminitis
45
Other than vena caval thrombosis, what else can cause metastatic pneumonia
Jugular vein phlebitis Mastitis Metritis Footrot
46
What are clinical signs of vena caval thrombosis?
Common in feedlot cattle Weight loss Hemoptysis Resp signs with anemia, widespread wheezes, and hemoptysis is pathgnomonic After hemotypsis there is rapid deterioration
47
How to treat/prevent vena caval thrombosis
Penicillin but bad prognosis Need to prevent by slow transition to highly fermentable diets
48
What is acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
Happens to adult cattle Atypical, interstitial pneumonia Called “fog fever”
49
What are clinical signs of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
Develops 2-14 days after pasture switch Acute onset of dyspnea with loud expiratory grunt, open mouth breathing, tachypnea Normal lung sounds
50
How to treat/prevent ABPEE
Avoid stress Nsaids Prevent by transitioning slowly to new pastures
51
What is parasitic pneumonia caused by
Dictyocaulus viviparus
52
Who does parasitic pneumonia affect the most and when does it occur
Cows less than two years of age 1-3 weeks after moving to infected pasture
53
How to diagnose parasitic pneumonia
Clinical signs and history Demonstration of L1 during patent period Eosinophils in TTW during prepatent stage Peripheral eosinophilia
54
How to treat parasitic pneumonia
Remove from infected pasture | Levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin
55
What are upper respiratory diseases in sheep/goat
Necrotic laryngitis | Caseous lympadenitis caused by C. Pseudotuberculosis
56
Bacterial pneumonia of sheep/goats
Similar to BRD Caused by M.haemolytic
57
What can cause lung abscesses in sheep/goats
C. Pseudotuberculosis
58
What can cause parsitic pneumonia in sheep/goats
Dictyocaulus filaria Protostrongylus rufescens- snail intermediate host Muellerius capillaris- snail intermediate host
59
What are the acute viral resp viruses of sheep and goats
PI-3 BRSV Adenovirus
60
What are the chronic viral resp diseases of sheep and goats
Ovine progressive pneumonia (sheep only) CAE (goats only) Pulmonary adenomatosis (mainly sheep)
61
When do you usually see ovine progressive pneumonia? | Clinical signs?
Sheep older than 2-3 years Weigh loss, resp failure, lymphocytic mastits, posterior paresis, arthritis, vasculitis Death usually within 6-12 months
62
What are differential diagnoses for ovine progressive pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis Parasitic pneumona C. Pseudotuberculosis
63
How is ovine progressive pneumonia spread
Horizontal transmission
64
What are clinical signs of pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Weight loss, tachypnea, coughing, lots of nasal discharge
65
How to treat pulmonary adenomatosis
There is no treatment- death occurs within first few months of clinical signs
66
What causes pulmonary adenomatosis in ovines
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

Pulmonology (10 decks)

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