Lectures week 2

Question 1

crystallised intelligence

Answer 1

• de skills en vaardigheden die ‘overlearend zijn’, bekend en stable en zelfs meer worden met ouder worden.
  (vocabulary, general knowledge)

Question 2

Fluid intelligence

Answer 2

• abilities involving probleem oplossen en redeneren. Wordt minder met ouder worden

Question 3

Welke neurocognitieve changes (memory) decline with age

Answer 3

• delayed free recall; spontaneous retrieval of information from memory without a cue (a list of items to purchase at the grocery store without a cue)
• source memory: knowing the source of the learned information
  (heb ik dit geleerd van iemand of ergens gelezen)
• prospective memory: remembering to perform intended actions in the future. (remembering to take medicine before going to bed)

Question 4

Welke neurocognitieve veranderingen (memory) blijven stabiel

Answer 4

Recognition memory: the ability to retrieve information when given a cue. (de juiste details over een verhaal geven met ja/nee vragen)

Temporal order memory: memory for the correct time or sequence of past events. (onthouden dat vorige zaterdag je eerst boodschappen hebt gedaan en daarna lunch gegeten hebt bij je oma)

Procedural memory: Memory of how to do things (hoe je fietst, hoe je veters strikt)

Question 5

kan je je brein trainen als een spier?

Answer 5

Nee, je brein is niet een soort spier die je kan trainen. Maar je kan je brein wel leren, leren om te gaan met cognitieve veranderingen, dus functional recovery rather than function recovery. (compensation for loss of functions)

Question 6

het grote verschil tussen Mild cognitive impairment en Major cognitive impaiment (dementie)

Answer 6

dat je bij mild cognitive impairment je nog relatief zelfstandig en onafhankelijk kunt leven

Question 7

De clinical course of AD can be devided into the following stages

Answer 7

• MCI due to AD
• Mild dementia due to AD
• moderate dementia due to AD
• Severe dementia due to AD

Question 8

Observaties die je kan zien bij Alzheimer disease

Answer 8

• kleinere cerebral cortex
• grotere ventricles (die gaten)
• extreme kleinere hippocampus
• slowing of alpha acitivity in EEG
• Reduction in the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose in PET-scans

Question 9

Wat zie je vaak bij geheugen testen bij alzheimer patienten?

Answer 9

• early stages: typically anterograde long term memory impairment
• later stages: also retrograde memory impairment and semantic memory problems

Question 10

Er bestaat medicatie voor alzheimer

Answer 10

om de cognitieve symptomen een beetje tegen te gaan.
- cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with mild to moderate AD
- Memantine for patients with moderate to severe AD

Question 11

je hebt typische alzheimer, maar ook a-typische

Answer 11

typisch: prominent memory impairment, atrophy distribution starting in the medial-temporal lobe

a-typisch: andere prominente cognitieve impairment, veranderingen in de hersenen starten in verschillende cortical regions. Underlying pathology remains the same across typical and atypical varianten.

Question 12

Posterior cortical atrophy

Answer 12

atypical alzheimer
- visueel vooral. parietal and occipital lobe.

Question 13

Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia (LvPPA)

Answer 13

• predominant language and communication deficits. (the language variant of alzheimer’s disease)
• assymmetrical and not focused in early stages, most pronounced in the left temporal lobe.

Question 14

Behavioral/dysexecutive variant

Answer 14

prominente veranderingen in gedrag, executive function and social cognition.
Frontal lobe regions

Question 15

after a stroke….

Answer 15

vaak 25% daarna classified met major NCD/dementia

Question 16

Vasculaire dementie

Answer 16

• one or more stretegic strokes
  -small vessel disease. (overkoepelende term voor abnormalities related to small blood vessels in the brain)

Question 17

Semantic variant (SVPPA)

Answer 17

• speech and grammar are correct
• problems in word finding and naming
• loss of ability to understand the meaning of words

Question 18

non-fluent variant (nfvPPA)

Answer 18

slow and effortfull speech accompanied by errors in speech sounds.
- speech rhythm and prosody decline
- spoken en written sentences become shorter and less complex

Question 19

je hebt dan PPA en vervolgens ..

Answer 19

kan je t indelen in drie subtypes
svPPA
nfvPPA
lvPPA