Leg standing Questions

Question 1

Name this surface:

Answer 1

This surface articulates with the tubercle of the rib.

Costal surface- transverse process

Question 2

What is this surface?

Answer 2

This flat area found on the vertebral body is one of two points of attachment for the ribs. The head of the rib articulates with this surface to form a joint. This surface is called a costal surface, the term costal refers specifically to the ribs.

Costal surface, vertebral body

Question 3

Name the features of the vertebrae indicated:

Answer 3

spinous process

transverse process

vertebral body

Question 4

What articulates with the facet/costal surface of the vertebral body?

Answer 4

Head of rib articules with the facet of the vertebral body

Question 5

What articulates with the facet/costal surface of the transverse process?

Answer 5

Tubercle of rib articulates with the facet of the transverse process.

Question 6

Label this:

Answer 6

Question 7

Does the temporal bone articulate with the frontal bone?

Answer 7

No.

Question 8

Label this:

Answer 8

Condyle – a rounded bony extension that articulates with the temporal bone, forming the temporomandibular joint;

• Coronoid process – the process found anterior to the condyle;
• Mandibular notch – the depression between the condyle and coronoid process;
• Ramus – the upright/vertical part of the mandible;
• Body – the horizontal part of the mandible; and
• Angle of the mandible – the right angle between the ramus and the body.

The foramen is the mentalis - but that’s not in the module ;)

Question 9

Name these branches of the facial nerve (CNVII)

Answer 9

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Marginal mandibular

Cervical

Question 10

Name the 3 branches of CNV, and if they are sensory or motor.

Answer 10

Opthalmic (V1) - sensory

Maxillary (V2) - sensory

Mandibular (V3) - sensory + motor

Question 11

Describe the oral cavity:

Answer 11

the mouth has a vestibule (the cavity between the lips and teeth), and the oral cavity proper (the cavity between the teeth and the faucial pillars. It is bounded anteriorly by the lips, laterally by the cheeks, superiorly by the palates, and posteriorly and laterally by the faucial pillars.

posterior to the oral cavity is the oropharynx.

Question 12

Which part of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra?

Head

Neck

Tubercle

Costal cartilage

Answer 12

Head

Neck

Tubercle

Costal cartilage

Question 13

Label:

Answer 13

A-sphenoid bone

B-temporal bone

C-maxilla

D-zygomatic bone

E-occipital bone

Question 14

Label the dotted line:

Answer 14

Sternocostal joint

Question 15

Label these:

Which suprahyoid is not visible and why?

Answer 15

A-mylohyoid

B-digastric – anterior belly

C-digastric-posterior belly

D-thyrohyoid

E-sternothyroid

The geniohyoid is not visible because it is deep to the mylohyoid.

Question 16

Describe the bony articulation of the TMJ:

Answer 16

The condyle of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone.

Question 17

What is CNX?

What does it innervate?

Answer 17

Vagus nerve (CNX)

• General sensory fibres from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal organs;
• Special sensory fibres from taste buds on the root of the tongue and epiglottis;
• Visceral sensory fibres from the abdominal and thoracic viscera;
• Voluntary motor fibres to the soft palate, pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal muscles, and palatoglossus;
• Parasympathetic motor fibres supply the abdominal and thoracic viscera, controlling smooth muscle contraction in respiratory and digestive systems, and resting heart rate in cardiac muscle.

Question 18

What is the conus elasticus?

Answer 18

The medial and lateral cricothyroid ligaments together with the vocal ligaments make up a cone-shaped structure called the conus elasticus (Latin for ‘elastic cone’).

(lateral portion of the cricothyroid ligament)

Question 19

Name the unpaired cartilages of the larynx:

Answer 19

Epiglottis

Thyroid

Cricoid

Question 20

Name the muscle that terminates phonation

Answer 20

posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

Question 21

Four muscles of mastication:

Answer 21

• Temporalis – fan-shaped muscle covering much of the lateral aspect of the temporal bone and attaching to the coronoid process. It fills much of the temporal fossa.
• Masseter – attaches to the zygomatic bone and folds under the angle, ramus and body of the mandible.
• Lateral pterygoid – attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate and the mandibular condyle; and
• Medial pterygoid – attaches to the lateral pterygoid plate and the medial surface of the mandible near the angle.

Question 22

Three paired cartilages of the larynx.

Answer 22

Arytenoid, corniculate, cunieform.

Four if you include triticial.

Question 23

Describe the anatomical function of the muscle that terminates phonation.

Answer 23

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are the only muscles to open the vocal folds. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages laterally, these muscles abduct the vocal folds and thereby open the rima glottidis.

Question 24

Name the two sets of paired joints in the larynx which aid in movement of the vocal folds.

Answer 24

Cricoarytenoid joints

Cricothyroid joints

Question 25

Describe the movement of the cricothyroid joints:

Answer 25

The cricothyroid joint is an articulation of the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilages. The major movement at these joints is **anteroposterior rocking.** This stretches the vocal folds and produces changes in the pitch of our voices during phonation.

Question 26

Name the primary muscle which changes pitch of phonation and describe the anatomical action of this muscle:

Answer 26

As the **cricothyroid muscle** contracts it tilts the thyroid cartilage anteriorly, increasing the distance between the attachments of the cords, and thus lengthens/tenses them. The thyroarytenoid muscle relaxes/fine tunes?

Question 27

What is the action of the transverse and oblique arytenoids?

Answer 27

Transverse and oblique arytenoids – connect the two arytenoid cartilages. Contraction causes **medial sliding** **of the arytenoid cartilages**, contributing to vocal fold **adduction.**

Question 28

What is the anatomical action of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?

Answer 28

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle – attaches the lateral aspects of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages and causes **lateral rotation of the arytenoid cartilages**, leading to **adduction** of the vocal folds;

Question 29

Describe the motor innervation of the tongue:

Answer 29

All motor innervation to the tongue (except to the palatoglossus muscle) is via **cranial nerve XII** (hypoglossal nerve). The **Palatoglossus** muscle = accessory nerve [XI],

Question 30

Describe the sensory and special innervation of the tongue:

Answer 30

The sensory and special sensory innervation varies from the anterior two-thirds and the posterior one-third of the tongue as follows: * Ant 2/3 special sensory (taste) - cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) * Ant 2/3 general sensory – cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) * Post 1/3 special sensory (taste) – cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) * Post 1/3 general sensory – cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal).

Question 31

What are the phases of deglutition?

Answer 31

1. **oral prep**aratory phase – involves muscles of mastication, teeth, and lips; 2. **oral** phase – involves cheeks, oral cavity and tongue; 3. **pharyngeal** phase – involves palate, pharynx and larynx; and 4. **oesophagea**l phase.

Question 32

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

Answer 32

Posterior and superiorly in the nasal cavity.

Question 33

Name the muscles of the soft palate:

Answer 33

**T**ensor **v**eli **p**alatini, which is involved in swallowing. **P**alato**g**lossus, involved in swallowing. **P**alato**p**haryngeus, involved in breathing. **L**evator **v**eli **p**alatini, involved in swallowing. **U**vular, which moves the uvula. **Ten, Lev,** palat**gloss**, palat**phar**