LEPTOSPIRA

Question 1

What serovar is primary cause of Porcine Leptospirosis?

Answer 1

serovar pomona

Question 2

The source of Leptospira infection is from ?

Answer 2

• Urine from infected or carrier animal
• Water, litter, food may serve as fomites
• Direct or indirect infection via nasal, oral or conjunctival mucous membrane and abraded skin

Question 3

What are the organism sources for Porcine Leptospirosis infection?

Answer 3

1. Swine, cattle, skunks, raccoons, opossums, wildcats and deer

Question 4

Equine Leptospirosis is mostly caused by serovar ?

Answer 4

Pomona

Question 5

Leptospira use _____ and ____ as energy and _____ sources.

Answer 5

Long-chain fatty acids; alcohols; carbon

Question 6

What are the treatment and control for Leptospira infections?

Answer 6

1. Ampicillin, penicillin G, streptomycin, tetracycline and doxycycline
   * Of no avail if renal damage is extensive
2. Fluid therapy in dogs
3. Effective rat control
4. Fencing off contaminated ponds and streams
5. Screening of replacement stocks
6. Susceptible to drying and heat

Question 7

Leptospira spp. belongs to Spirochetes. What is the general morphology of Spirochetes?

Answer 7

• Spirochetes are slender, spiral, actively motile, flexible organisms, 5-200 um long and 0.1-3 um wide and divide by transverse fission
• Helically coiled and round on cross-section with varying number of spirals

Question 8

Leptospira is motile by ?

Answer 8

2 subterminal periplastic flagella

Question 9

What are the 4 principal forms of Canine Leptospirosis?

Answer 9

1. Hemorrhagic form
2. Icteric
3. Uremic or subacute form
4. Inapparent form

Question 10

What are the diagnostic methods for Canine Leptospirosis?

Answer 10

1. Exam of urine by dark field microscopy; formalin should be added as they autolyze very rapidly
2. Microscopic agglutination test (agglutination lysis); 1:100 or higher
3. Isolation, cultivation and identification
4. Guinea pig or hamster inoculation; blood, urine, tissue used
5. Histopathology – demo in kidney stains
6. Fluorescent antibody technique in tissues and urine sediment

Question 11

There are ____ L. interrogans serovars and at least ____ L. biflexa serovars.

Answer 11

218; 60

Question 12

Give the clinical signs of Equine Leptospirosis.

Answer 12

• Disease usually mild or subacute with fever, depression and icterus, occasionally abortion and uveitis
• Recurrent iridocyclitis (moon blindness or periodic ophthalmia) maybe sequella
• Systemic disease rare

Question 13

Serovar ____ is extremely difficult to culture.

Answer 13

bratislava

Question 14

Leptospira has how many insertion discs?

Answer 14

3 to 5

Question 15

_____ is extension of the axial filament shaft and bends toward the protoplasmic cylinder.

Answer 15

Hook

Question 16

Insertion of axial filaments of Spirochetes is via ?

Answer 16

Proximal hook and insertion disc

Question 17

In the initial stage of Canine Leptospirosis, the first 3 forms are characterized by?

Answer 17

Depression, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation

Question 18

Classify Leptospira acc. to its O2 requirement.

Answer 18

Aerobic

Question 19

What are the clinical signs of Porcine Leptospirosis?

Answer 19

• Clinical or latent
• Unthriftiness, abortion, fever, icterus and anemia
• Occasionally, metritis and meningoencephalitis

Question 20

Serovar ____ is frequent in some areas cause fewer bovine abortions than pomona but more often _____.

Answer 20

hardjo; infertility

Question 21

What is the primary disease induced by Leptospira spp.?

Answer 21

Leptospirosis

Question 22

What are the organism sources for Bovine Leptospirosis?

Answer 22

• Cattle and swine and some wild animals
• Cattle may shed for 3 months but fewer numbers and irregularly
• Outbreaks associated with heavy rainfall but infrequent under dry conditions

Question 23

Give the immunity methods against Leptospirosis.

Answer 23

• Mainly humoral, organisms not intracellular
• Bacterins elicit considerable protection but short duration
• Bacterins not available for horses

Question 24

Canine can be an incidental host for what L. serovars?

Answer 24

• serovars grippotyphosa
• autumnalis
• australis
• pomona
• Bratislava

Question 25

Human leptospirosis is otherwise known as ?

Answer 25

1. Well’s disease 2. fort Bragg fever 3. swineherd’s disease

Question 26

____ ____ is plate-like and inserted into depression at end of cell.

Answer 26

Insertion discs

Question 27

What serovar is the principal cause of Bovine Leptospirosis?

Answer 27

serovar pomona

Question 28

First two forms of Canine Leptospirosis is caused by what L. serovar?

Answer 28

serovar icterohemorrhagia - hemorrhagic and icteric form

Question 29

What are the other serovars that can induce Porcine Leptospirosis?

Answer 29

* canicola * grippotyphosa * icterohemorrhagiae * bratislava

Question 30

Species of Leptospira that is free living.

Answer 30

L. biflexa

Question 31

Acute form of Leptospirosis in humans shows what c/s?

Answer 31

fever, jaundice and nephritis

Question 32

Canine Leptospirosis is primarily caused by what serovar and less frequently by what serovar?

Answer 32

serovar canicola; serovar icterohemorrhagiae

Question 33

Serovar _____ occasionally causes severe leptospirosis in dogs.

Answer 33

Grippotyphosa

Question 34

Last two forms of Canine Leptospirosis is caused by what L. serovar?

Answer 34

serovar canicola - uremic or subacute form and inapparent form q

Question 35

Species of Leptospira that is pathogenic or parasitic serovars.

Answer 35

L. interrogans

Question 36

Give the pathogenesis of Canine Leptospirosis.

Answer 36

* Infection latent to severe * Chronic progressive nephritis may follow acute canicola infection with death following long after initial infection

Question 37

What are the 2 genera of Leptospira?

Answer 37

1. Leptospira 2. Leptonema

Question 38

Human Leptospirosis is induced by what serovars?

Answer 38

* canicola * icterohemorrhagiae * Pomona

Question 39

What are the clinical signs of Bovine Leptospirosis?

Answer 39

* Maybe latent and precipitated by stress * Infections characterized by fever, diarrhea, anemia, icterus and hemoglobinuria; acute infections may result to abortion

Question 40

What are the natural hosts for Leptospira spp.?

Answer 40

* Rodents * Swine * Dogs

Question 41

What are 3 basic cellular elements of Spirochetes?

Answer 41

1. Outer sheath which encompasses the cell 2. Axial filament or fibril 3. Protoplasmic cylinder which includes the cell wall and cell membrane

Question 42

Axial filament or fibril is flagella. True or False?

Answer 42

False, only resembles flagella

Question 43

Leptospires can be destroyed in which organ of the body?

Answer 43

Stomach

Question 44

What serovars are implicated in abortion of equine?

Answer 44

1. Pomona 2. Grippotyphosa

Question 45

Give the pathogenesis of Leptospira.

Answer 45

* Considerable damage to vascular endothelium * Virulent strains produce more cytotoxic proteins than avirulent ones; exact role of protein not clear * Hemolysin responsible for intravascular hemolysis * Other virulence factors: motility, burrowing motility, production of hyaluronidase * Epithelial penetration -> hematogenous dissemination -> localization and proliferation in parenchymatous organs particularly in kidney and liver -> multiplication in convoluted tubules results in carrier state or nephrosis, sometimes uremia and death * Leptospiral antibodies and complement great. lt reduce the number of leptospires * In carrier state, organisms shed in urine for weeks or months * Signs are fever, anemia, subserous and submucosal hemorrhages, conjunctivitis, icterus, meningitis and agalactia * Tissue damage results from host’s immune response * Damage to endothelial lining results to reduction of blood flow * Death occurs during febrile stage or later , caused by toxemia resulting from kidney and liver damage primarily humoral * Immune response is primarily humoral

Question 46

Canine and Bovine Leptospirosis have the same diagnostic methods. True or False?

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Human treatment against Leptospirosis is effective when initiated within ___ days of onset.

Answer 47

4

Question 48

Leptospira does not metabolize CHO but prefer?

Answer 48

Long chain fatty acids or alcohols