Lesions Flashcards

(26 cards)

1
Q

Bulbar palsy clinical presentation

A

LMN weakness of muscles supplied by cranial nerves with cell bodies within the medulla: IX, X, XII
Tounge: wasted, flaccid, fasciculating, fast movements
Dysphagia?
Soft palate elevation?
Quiet, nasal speech?
Jaw jerk/gag reflex absent?

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2
Q

Pseudobulbar palsy clinical presentation

A

Bilateral UMN disease of medullary cranial nerves
Tongue: stiff/spastic, slow movements, no wasting
Dysphagia?
Normal soft palate elevation
Gravelly ‘donald duck’ speech / slurred high pitched dysarthria
Exaggerated jaw jerk
Mood disturbances

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3
Q

Causes of bulbar palsy

A
Degenerative: motor neurone disease
Vascular: stroke 
Inflammatory: Guillain-barre 
Infective: botulism 
Neoplastic: brainstem tumours 
Congenital
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4
Q

Causes of pseudobulbar palsy

A

Degenerative: MND
Vascular: stroke
MS
Head trauma

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5
Q

Frontal cerebral hemisphere lesion presentation

A

Intellectual impairment, personality change
Urinary incontinence
Mono/hemiparesis
Broca’s aphasia (if left frontal)

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6
Q

Left temporo-parietal cerebral hemisphere lesion presentation (dominant hemisphere)

A
Agraphia: inability to write
Alexia: word blindness 
Acalculia: inability to calculate
Wernicke's aphasia 
Contralateral sensory neglect
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7
Q

Right temporo-parietal cerebral hemisphere lesion presentation

A

Failure of face recognition

Contralateral sensory neglect

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8
Q

Occipital cerebral hemisphere lesion presentation

A

Visual field defects

Visuospatial defects

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9
Q

Lateral cerebellar lesion presentation

A

Ipsilateral pathological signs
Broad, ataxic gait: test heel-toe walking, +ve Rhomberg test suggests sensory (rather than cerebellar) ataxia
Titubation: rhythmic head tremor
Dysarthria: slurred, staccato speech
Nystagmus: towards the side of the lesion
Dysmetric saccades: inability to change eye focus
Upward drift (if pronator drift also present = UMN pathology also)
Rebound phenomenon
Hypotonia: decreased in pure cerebellar disease
Mild hyporeflexia
Dysmetria: imprecise coordination
Dysdiadochokinesis: clumsy rapid alternating movements

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10
Q

Cerebellar examination investigations

A

Full neurological exam
TFTs
Antineuronal antibodies
MRI brain

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11
Q

Midline cerebellar lesion presentation

A

Rolling, broad, ataxic gait
Difficulty standing/sitting unsupported
Cannot perform Rhomberg’s with eyes open/closed
Vertigo/vomiting if extension into 4th ventricle

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12
Q

Causes of bilateral cerebellar dysfunction

A

Alcohol
Drugs: phenytoin, anti-epileptics
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: antineuronal antibodies present, common with breast/SCC of lung
Severe hypothyroidism

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13
Q

Causes of unilateral cerebellar dysfunction

A

MS
Stroke
Tumour: acoustic neuroma, meningioma

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14
Q

Components of the basal ganglia

A

Corpus striatum: caudate nucleus, globus pallidum, putamen
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
Parts of the thalamus

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15
Q

Basal ganglia lesion presentation

A

Bradykinesia progressing to akinesia: slowness of movement/loss of power of voluntary movement
Muscle rigidity
Involuntary movements…
Tremor
Dystonia: spasms
Athetosis: writhing involuntary movements of hands/face/tongue
Chorea: jerky involuntary movements
Hemiballismus: violent involuntary movements, proximal muscles of one arm

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16
Q

Clinical syndromes resulting from basal ganglia pathology

A

Parkinsonism
Huntingtons
Hemiballismus

17
Q

Causative lesion of a central scotoma

A

Macula lesion e.g. diabetic maculopathy

18
Q

Causative lesion of monocular loss of vision

A

Ipsilateral optic nerve lesion

19
Q

Causative lesion of bitemporal hemianopia/quadrantopia

A

Optic chiasm lesion
Affects the nasal fibres from each eye
Superior bitemporal quadrantanopia: pressure from below chiasm (e.g. pituitary tumour)
Inferior bitemporal quadrantanopia: pressure from above the chiasm (craniopharyngoma, carotid aneurysm, meningioma)

20
Q

Causative lesion of homonymous hemianopia

A

Contralateral optic tract lesion

21
Q

Causative lesion of homonymous quadrantanopia

A

Contralateral optic radiation lesion…
Temporal lesion: superior homonymous quadrantopias
Parietal lesion: inferior homonymous quadrantopias

PITS = parietal inferior, temporal superior

22
Q

Causative lesion of macular sparing homonymous hemianopia/quadrantanopia

A

Defect in visual cortex (occipital lobe)

23
Q

What are the symptoms of a S1 lesion?

A

S1- ankle plantar flexion and hip extensors
Sharp/searign pain in buttock, thigh, foot, toes
Numbness in foot or toes
Weakness in the leg and foot muscles- foot drop

24
Q

What are the symptoms of a C5 root lesion?

A

C5- control the deltoids and the biveps

25
Ulnar nerve palsy
Loss of sensation in ring and little fingers Loss of coordination of fingers Tingling or burning sensation in hand Loss of grip strength
26
Radial nerve palsy
Numbness from the triceps down to the fingers Problems extending wrist or fingers Pinching and grasping problems Wrist drop