Lesson 1

Question 1

Explain what is bioprocessing

Answer 1

Bioprocessing involves the use of living systems such as microorganisms and plants to produce valuable compounds, drugs, and chemicals for human use. Fermentation, often regarded as the foundation of biotechnology, plays a central role in these industrial processes.

Bioprocessing uses living systems like microorganism, plants to produce compounds, drugs and chemicals useful to humans. Through fermentation is the “backbone of biotechnology” in the industrial processes.

Question 2

What is Industrial biotechnology?

Answer 2

Exploitation of enzymes, microorganisms, plants to produce energy, industrial chemicals and consumer goods.

Question 3

It is based on the expectation that renewable plant-derived carbohydrates, lipids, and other compounds can displace a significant fraction of petroleum and other fossil fuels that are currently the raw material and energy basis of modern industrial societies.

Answer 3

Industrial paradigm

Question 4

What is fermentation?

Answer 4

A metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic compounds through the action of enzymes.

Question 5

The term fermentation comes from the latin word blank means blank

Answer 5

fervere, to boil

Question 6

The first industrial process

Answer 6

Alcohol production using yeast

Question 7

Four groups of microbial products

Answer 7

Microbial cell (biomass)
Microbial metabolites
Microbial enzymes
Recombinant product & transformation process

Question 8

Such as the baker’s yeast and single cell protein were used as human or animal food. It became the source of protein in animal feeds.

Answer 8

Biomass

Question 9

What is the use of baker’s yeast now adays?

Answer 9

it is used as a leavening ingredient in bakery products. it is also used in ethanol fermentation.

Question 10

Two types of microbial metabolites

Answer 10

Primary metabolites
Secondary metabolites

Question 11

Is on example of microbial enzymes produced by Rhizopus chinensis

Answer 11

cheese production

Question 12

Example of Microbial enzymes

Answer 12

Pectinases
Amylases
cellulases
Proteases
B-glucanase

Question 13

Are produced during the stationary phase, which do not appear to have any function in cell metabolisms.

Answer 13

Secondary metabolites

Question 14

Are produced during the log phase which are essential to the growth of the microorganisms.

Answer 14

Primary metabolites

Question 15

Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Filamentous fungi are the most common host used for such systems.

Answer 15

Recombinant products

Question 16

Example of primary metabolites

Answer 16

amino acid, nucleotides, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

Question 17

In this wave the first-large breweries were created from the early 1700s when Egyptians used the first wooden vast of 1500-barrel capacity for wine production.

Answer 17

First wave

Question 18

Examples of recombinant products

Answer 18

Interferons, insulin, Albumin, Human sebum, Calf Chymosin, Bovine somatostatin, Epidermal growth factors

Question 19

Convinced the scientific world of the important use of microorganisms in the process.

Answer 19

Pasteur

Question 20

Had first investigated the role of yeast in the alcoholic fermentation.

Answer 20

Cagniard-latour, Schwann, Kutzing

Question 21

Pioneered his work on pure culture isolation.

Answer 21

Hansen

Question 22

The father of Industrial fermentation and the one who established aseptic fermentation during the first world war to produce acetone butanol.

Answer 22

Weizmann

Question 23

The use of single-cell protein using hydrocarbon and other feedstocks was introduced to improve the production of products.

Answer 23

The Fourth wave

Question 24

Was the beginning of the pure culture inoculation and pasteurization.

Answer 24

The Second wave

Question 25

Are monovalent antibodies which bind to the same epitope and are produced from a single B-lymphocyte clone.

Answer 25

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 26

During this time, the penicillin was discovered and massively produced in submerged culture under aseptic conditions because of antibacterial medicine during war time. It was the most significant change in fermentation technology that results in large production of other important commercial products.

Answer 26

The Third wave

Question 27

The first licensed monoclonal antibody was approved in 1986 for use in preventing kidney transplant rejection.

Answer 27

Orthoclone OKT3

Question 28

How Orthoclone OKT3 works?

Answer 28

It is a monoclonal mouse IgG2a antibody whose cognate antigen is CD3. It works by binding to and blocking the effects of CD3 expressed on T-lymphocytes.

Question 29

How mAb treatment works?

Answer 29

It can block the virus that causes covid 19 from entering cells in your body and limit the amount of the virus within your body.

Question 30

Example of Covid 19 Monoclonal Antibody Treatment (mAb treatment)

Answer 30

Bebtelovimab

Question 31

The culture of an active, pure culture in sufficient quantity to inoculate the production vessel

Answer 31

Seed culture

Question 32

The extraction of the products and its purification which is known to be

Answer 32

Downstream processing

Question 33

Is a vessel or container in which a biochemical process is carried out containing organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such microorganisms in an aerobic or anaerobic processes.

Answer 33

Bioreactor

Question 34

What are the products of fermentation using bioreactors.

Answer 34

enzymes, microorganism, plants and animal cells.

Question 35

Two types of bioreactors

Answer 35

Microbial fermenter and enzyme fermenter

Question 36

Is the most critical part of the fermentation process by which it should be achieved

Answer 36

Aseptic condition

Question 37

It is used for simple fermentation, has a design of a stirrer and sparger

Answer 37

Traditional bioreactor

Question 38

Used to produce metabolites, biomass, transformed substrates or purified solvent.

Answer 38

Microbial fermenter

Question 39

It is more complex and suit with the fermentation approaches.

Answer 39

Novel bioreactors

Question 40

Immobilized enzymes are often used for fluid-fluid and solid-fluid contractor to produce wine and beverages

Answer 40

Enzyme fermenter

Question 41

Is to provide microorganisms in submerged culture with sufficient oxygen for metabolic requirements.

Answer 41

Aeration

Question 42

What are basic features of a bioreactors?

Answer 42

Agitator system, Aeration system, A foam control system, PH control system, temperature control system, sampling ports, A cleaning and sterilization system.

Question 43

A device for introducing air into the liquid in a fermenter.

Answer 43

Sparger

Question 44

Example of traditional bioreactor

Answer 44

stirred-tank reactor, STR and spinner flasks

Question 45

example of novel bioreactor

Answer 45

Rock-bed single use bioreactor, Air-lift single use reactor, Fluidized-bed reactor, rotary cell culture

Question 46

Two types of agitators

Answer 46

Axial flow, radial flow

Question 47

Parallel to the impeller shaft

Answer 47

Axial flow

Question 48

Are best for mixing applications that require stratification or solid suspension.

Answer 48

Axial impellers

Question 49

A device to put something into motion by shaking or stirring.

Answer 49

Agitator

Question 50

Perpendicular to the flow.

Answer 50

Radial flow

Question 51

Three basic types of spargers

Answer 51

Porous sparger Orifice sparger Nozzle sparger

Question 52

As a device for introducing air into the liquid in a fermenter.

Answer 52

Sparger

Question 53

Excessive foam formation can lead to blocked air exit filters and to pressure build up in the reactor.

Answer 53

Foam control system

Question 54

Used in the production of single-cell protein in the air-lift fermenter

Answer 54

Orifice fermenter

Question 55

Foam is typically controlled with aid of antifoaming agents based on blank or blank

Answer 55

Silica gel or vegetable oil

Question 56

Is a simple heat exchanger through which cool water is passed. This minimized water evaporation and the loss of volatile.

Answer 56

Condenser

Question 57

Used primarily on a laboratory scale in non-agitated vessels

Answer 57

Porous sparger

Question 58

Controlling cell culture pH in bioreactor is critical to successful manufacturing.

Answer 58

pH control system

Question 59

Most modern mechanically stirred fermenter design from laboratory to industrial scale have a single open or partially closed pipe as sparger to provide the stream of air bubbles

Answer 59

Nozzle sparger

Question 60

Must be maintained between the fermenter contents and the exterior when the sample port is not being used and it must be sterilized after use.

Answer 60

Sterile barrier

Question 61

Sterilization of the inlet air is undertaken to prevent contaminating organisms from entering the reactor.

Answer 61

Air sterilization system

Question 62

The necessity of maintaining and knowing the current growth status and reactor broth conditions are several of the more critical bioprocess operations in fermentation and cell culture.

Answer 62

Sampling

Question 63

Normally the design and construction of a fermenter there must be adequate provition for temperature control.

Answer 63

Temperature control system