Lesson 1 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
“Micro”
“Bios”
“Logia”
Means?
A
Small
Life
Study
2
Q
It is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular, multicellular, or acellular.
A
Microbiology
3
Q
Types of Prokaryotes
A
Bacteria
Archaea
4
Q
It lives in extremely alkaline/acidic environment
A
Archaea
5
Q
Types of eukaryotes
A
Plant cells
Animal cells
6
Q
A cell wall is present in most but not in all cells?
A
Prokaryotic cell
7
Q
It has A cell wall that is present only in plants and fungal cells only
A
Eukaryotic cell
8
Q
It has plasma membrane
A
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell
9
Q
This cell doesn’t have a nucleus
A
Prokaryotic cell
10
Q
This cell has a circular or linear, double stranded DNA; genes are not interrupted by introns
A
Prokaryotic cell
11
Q
This cell has a linear, double stranded DNA; genes frequently interrupted by intron sequences, especially in higher eukaryotes.
A
Eukaryotic cells
12
Q
In prokaryotic cells, cellular organelles are absent except?
A
Ribosomes
13
Q
Many of these kinds of cells are strict anaerobes
A
Prokaryotic cell
14
Q
A cell with the size of 0.1-10 micron
A
Prokaryotic cell
15
Q
A cell with the size of 10-100 micron
A
Eukaryotic cell
16
Q
It has both RNA & DNA.
Its nucleus is prokaryotic
It replicates through binary fission
Some of it have motility
A
bacteria
17
Q
Nucleus: none
Nucleic acid: either RNA & DNA
Replication: no binary fission
Motility: none
A
viruses
18
Q
Nucleus: eukaryotic
Nucleic acid: both RNA & DNA
Replication: binary fission
Motility: none
A
Fungi
19
Q
Nucleus: eukaryotic
Nucleic acid: both RNA & DNA
Replication: binary fission & budding
Motility: most
A
Parasites
20
Q
It means staff or cane
A
bakteria
21
Q
It is the first discovered bacterial shape
A
Rod shape or bacilli
22
Q
Singular form of bacteria?
A
bacterium
23
Q
What is the single-celled organism that contains both RNA & DNA and reproduce through binary fission?
A
bacteria
24
Q
Size of the most pathogenic bacteria is?
A
1.0-10 micron
25
They cause most of human infections
bacteria
26
Steps in binary fission
1. Parent cell
2. Replication of DNA
3. Segregation of DNA
4. Cell splitting into two
27
It is the binomial system in naming bacteria where:
Genera + Specific name = specie
Bacterial nomenclature
28
He invented the compounding of lenses or compound microscope
Zacharias Janssen
29
He modified the basic design of the microscope
Robert Hooke
30
He is the first to discover the cell
Robert Hooke
31
He described the forms of fungi such as bluish mold on a piece of leather
Robert Hooke
32
He is the father of microbiology
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
33
He is first to observe and experiment with microbes
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
34
This kind of bacteria naturally lives inside the human body w/o causing disease
Normal flora
35
It is a gram + cocci bacteria that is found in skin or nasal passages. Too much of it may cause boils, impetigo, cellulitis, pimples, and abscess
Staphylococcus aureus
36
These normal flora maintain skin pH balance and support the immune system of the body
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Propionibacterium acnes
Malassezia fungi
37
He invented the process that bears his name, pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
38
He discovered the principle of immunization
Louis Pasteur
39
These are gram + cocci bacteria that are found in the mouth, throat, skin, gastrointestinal tract.
Streptococcus species
40
These are the largest gram - bacteria found in the intestines. It helps in digestion and produces vitamins. It can cause a UTI when it enters the urinary tract.
Escherichia coli
41
He is known for the isolation of microorganisms causing anthrax and tuberculosis
Robert Koch
42
He developed solid media for culturing bacteria and various techniques to isolate bacteria
Robert Koch
43
It controls thermoregulation and is triggered by chemicals to kill bacteria or microorganisms
hypothalamus
44
It is the response of the immune system to any microorganisms, toxins, chemicals
Systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
45
SIRS + microorganisms = ___________ which triggers hypothalamus and causes septic shock
sepsis
46
Its symptoms are tachycardia, fever, tachypnea
Systematic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
47
He is the father of antisepsis and developed antiseptic surgical procedures
Joseph Lister
48
He is the 1st person to isolate the bacteria "Bacillus lactis" in pure form in a liquid culture form
Joseph Lister
49
He developed the most important staining method in 1884 to visualize bacteria known as "Gram Staining"
Hans Christian Gram
50
In 1928, he discovered the antibiotic "Penicillin" through studying staphylococcus bacteria where his petri dish was accidentally contaminated by "Penicillium notatum"
Alexander Fleming
51
He introduced the concept of vaccination
Edward Jenner
52
These microorganisms are nonpathogenic, their natural habitat is dead organic matter
Saprophytes
53
Unicellular or metazoan organism living in or on an organism of another species on the expense of the host
parasites
54
Normal inhabitants of the skin and mucosa, normal flora
Commensals
55
Classic disease causing microorganisms
Pathogenic microorganisms
56
Can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals when given a chance
Opportunists or facultatively pathogenic microorganisms
57
It is the capacity of a pathogen species to cause disease
pathogenicity
58
It is the sum of the disease-causing properties of a strain of a pathogenic species
Virulence
59
It is the sum of the disease-causing properties of a strain of a pathogenic species
Virulence
60
It is the time between infection and manifestation of disease symptoms. It can be measured in hours, weeks, days, months or even years
Incubation period
61
It is the time between infection and first appearance of products of sexual production of the pathogens
prepatency
62
It is the totality of host species "susceptible" to infection by a given pathogen
Infection spectrum
63
It is the smallest number of pathogens sufficient to cause an infection
Minimum infective dose
64
Method or pathway used by pathogens to invade the host
Mode of infection
65
Microbiological presence of microorganisms on objects
contamination
66
Presence of microorganisms on skin without penetration into the tissues
colonization
67
Invasion of a host by microorganisms
infection
68
Infection without outbreak of clinical symptoms
Inapparent infection
69
Infection with outbreak of clinical symptoms
Infectious disease
70
frequency of clinical manifestation of an infection in disposed individuals
Probability of manifestation
71
Infection arising from the colonizing flora
Endogenous infection
72
Infection from the invasion of host by microorganisms from sources external to it
Exogenous infection
73
Infection acquired during hospitalization
Nosocomial infection
74
Infection that remains restricted to the portal of entry and surrounding area
Local infection
75
Lymphogenous or hematogenous spread of invading pathogen starting from the portal of entry
Generalized infection
76
Systematic disease caused by microorganisms and their toxic products. Pathogens enter the bloodstream, continuously
Sepsis
77
Brief presence of microorganisms in the bloodstream
Transitory bacteremia
78
Occurrence of a second infection in the course of a first infection
Superinfection
79
Series of infection by the same pathogen
Relapses
80
Series of infection by different pathogens
Reinfection
81
Factors affecting the growth of bacteria
Air
Temperature
pH
Light
Osmotic pressure
Nutrients
82
Bacteria that needs oxygen
Aerobic
83
Bacteria which can grow only in the presence of oxygen
Obligate bacteria
84
Example of obligate aerobes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
85
Bacteria which are ordinary aerobes but can also grow w/o oxygen
Facultative aerobes
86
Example of facultative aerobes
Escherichia coli
87
Bacteria that can grow in the presence of low oxygen and in the presence of low (4%) concentration of carbon dioxide
Microaerophilic bacteria
88
Example of microaerophilic bacteria
Campylobacter jejuni
89
Campylobacter jejuni which is from raw/half-cooked chicken causes _________
Guillain -Barre syndrome
90
Bacteria that can grow without oxygen. It lacks superoxide dis mutase and catalase hence oxygen is lethal to these microorganisms
Anaerobic
91
Bacteria that can grow only in absence of oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
92
Example of obligate anaerobes
Clostridium species
93
It causes tetanus, muscle stiffness, and lock jaw
Clostridium tetani
94
These bacteria require higher amounts of carbon dioxide for their growth
Capnophilic bacteria
95
Bacteria that can grow well in the presence of 5-10% CO2 and 15% O2
Capnophilic bacteria
96
Examples of Capnophilic bacteria
Haemophilus influenzae
Brucella abortus
97
The optimum temp. For most pathogenic bacteria
37 degrees C
98
These bacteria are cold loving microbes that can grow within a temp. Range of 0-20 degrees. Most soil and water saprophytes belong to this group
Psychrophiles
99
Example of psychrophiles
Arthrobacter species
Psychrobacter species
100
These are moderate temp. Loving microbes that grow between 25 and 40 degrees. Most pathogenic bacteria belong to this group
mesophiles
101
These are heat loving microbes. They can grow at a high temp. range of 55-80 degrees
thermophiles
102
Example of thermophiles
Bacillus stearothermophilus
103
Most bacteria grow between pH _______ and __________
7.2 and 7.6
104
Very few bacteria like ______________, can grow at acidic pH below 4.0
Lactobacilli
105
Example of bacteria that can grow in an alkaline environment (8.2-8.9 pH)
V. cholerae
106
Bacteria deriving energy from sunlight
phototrophs
107
Bacteria deriving energy from chemical sources
chemotrophs
108
Organisms requiring high osmotic pressures
Osmophilic bacteria
109
Sudden exposure of bacteria to hypertonic solution may cause osmotic withdrawal of water, leading to osmotic shrinkage of the protoplasm
Plasmolysis
110
Sudden transfer of bacteria from concentrated solution to distilled water may cause excessive inhibition of water leading to swelling and bursting of cell
Plasmoptysis
111
Gram positive cocci
Aerobic:
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococci
Anaerobic:
Peptostreptococci
112
Gram positive bacilli
Aerobic:
Bacilli
Cornybacteria
Facultative anaerobes:
Listeria
Anaerobic:
Clostridia
Actinomycetes
Bifidobacteria
113
Gram negative cocci
Aerobic:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria
Anaerobic:
Veillonella
114
Gram negative bacilli
Aerobic:
Pseudomonas
Facultative anaerobes:
Salmonella
Escherichia
Proteus
Vibrio
Anaerobic:
Bacteriods
Fusobacterium
Leptotrichia
115
Gram negative spirochetes
Aerobic:
Leptospira
Anaerobic:
Treponema
Boyrelia
Microaerophiles:
Helicobacter
Spirillum
116
Innate immunity specific
Intact skin
ciliary clearance
Low stomach pH
lysozyme
117
Innate immunity non-specific
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Natural killer
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Mast cell
118
Adaptive/acquired immunity active
Natural
vaccination
119
Adaptive/acquired immunity passive
Maternal
Immunoglobulin treatment
Herd immunity
120
"chancroid"
Painful genital ulcer
Soft chancre
Haemophilus ducreyi
121
"Hard chancre"
Sexually transmitted
Genitals, anus, mouth
Treponema pallidum
122
Flesh eating bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium species
Vibrio vulnificus
123
Flesh eating bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium species
Vibrio vulnificus
