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Lesson 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms

A

Genetics

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3
Q

Also called as inheritance

A

Heredity

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4
Q

Passing of traits form parents to their offspring either through asexual or sexual reproduction

A

Heredity

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5
Q

It is the genetic information

A

Genotype

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6
Q

It is the observable traits

A

Phenotype

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7
Q

It is the package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism

A

Chromosome

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8
Q

The molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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9
Q

It is the basic building block of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotide

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10
Q

Nucleotide is made up of?

A

Nitrogen base
Sugar molecule
PO4 group

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11
Q

It is the basic unit of heredity

A

Genes

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12
Q

It is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA

A

Genes

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13
Q

How do human cells multiply and replicate?

A

Through meiosis and mitosis

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14
Q

It is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

What is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division?

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

How do bacteria replicate and multiply?

A

Through Binary fission

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17
Q

DNA traits are expressed through the process of _________

A

gene expression

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18
Q

gene expression happens when the genes are transcribed into _____ and then translated into _______, where it determine the physical and functional traits of an organism.

A

RNA
Proteins

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19
Q

It is a haploid genome, which has a single set of chromosomes

A

Bacterial chromosome

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20
Q

It is a single, and circular double stranded DNA (ssDNA)

A

Bacterial chromosome

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21
Q

It carries the genetic information needed for reproduction

A

Bacterial chromosome

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22
Q

It is extra chromosomal, and is a self-replicating gene elements

A

Plasmids

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23
Q

Plasmids are _______ than bacterial chromosomes

A

Smaller

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24
Q

Plasmids are ____ essential

A

Non

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25
Plasmids control what?
Antibiotic resistance Production of toxins Synthesis of bacterial virulence factor
26
It is also known as Phage?
bacteriophage
27
what are the viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells?
bacteriophage
28
It consists principally of proteins plus nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, but not both)
bacteriophage
29
It consists of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, or RNA
bacteriophage
30
It encodes functions required for replication in bacteria?
bacteriophage
31
bacteriophage enhances bacterial pathogenicity by:
1. transferring genes virulence factors 2. duplicating the virulence factors 3. changing the regulatory sequences controlling bacterial virulence genes
32
The three main ways bacteria exchange genetic information are:
1. transformation 2. transduction 3. conjugation
33
It is a direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surrounding
transformation
34
what is the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material from the environment?
transformation
35
the process of gene transfer by ________ does not require a living donor cell but only requires the presence of persistent DNA in the environment
transformation
36
The pre-requisite for bacteria to undergo transformation is its ability to take up free, extra cellular genetic material, which is also termed as "_____________"
competent cells
37
It is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another
transduction
38
bacteriophage is an example of this way for genetic expression
transduction
39
What is the transfer of genetic material between cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells?
conjugation
40
what does take place through a pilus?
conjugation
41
it is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria
conjugation
42
it is the change in the nucleotide sequence and can create new cellulae functionalities or lead to the dysfunction of others
bacterial mutation
43
it occurs spontaneously or by exposure to mutation-inducing agents
bacterial mutation
44
it is the result of errors during DNA replication
bacterial mutation
45
what are the 3 genetic outcomes in bacterial mutation??
1. silent mutation 2. missense mutation 3. nonsense mutation
46
the mutation changes the original codon into another codon that codes for the same amino acid
silent mutation
47
It is when a mutation in the sequence causes a codon to code for a different amino acid
missense mutation
48
it is when a mutant stop codon replaces a wild-type codon, terminating translation resulting in a shortened protein.
nonsense mutation
49
what are the 3 types of mutagens?
1. physical 2. chemical 3. biological
50
what are the examples of physical mutagens?
1. UV 2. Radiation
51
what are the examples of chemical mutagens?
reactive oxygen species alkylating agents
52
what are the examples of biological mutagens?
transposons (bet species)
53
it defines the shape of the bacteria
bacterial cell wall
54
some components responsible for pathogenicity in the bacterial cell wall are:
M protein mycolic acid
55
what is the main constituent of bacterial cell wall?
peptidoglycan
56
it is part of Gram stain reaction
bacterial cell wall
57
which bacterial cell wall has lipopolysaccharides as its outer membrane?
gram-negative bacteria
58
which bacterial cell wall has 4 layers of peptidoglycan?
gram-positive bacteria
59
what is the fluid phospholipid bilayer that encloses the bacterial cytoplasm?
cytoplasmic membrane
60
it is a selectively permeable membrane
cytoplasmic membrane
61
it is a site of energy production
cytoplasmic membrane
62
it is dormant, tough and non-reproductive structure by the bacteria during unfavorable conditions
endospores
63
it is the resting cell, resistant to high temperature, desiccant and chemical agents
endospores
64
endospores are composed of:
calcium dipicolinic acid
65
it increase in virulence by preventing phagocytosis
capsule
66
____________________________ is the process by which certain cells, like white blood cells, engulf and digest large particles, such as bacteria or cellular debris. It’s a key part of the immune response.
Phagocytosis
67
It is antigenic and demonstrated by staining method (india ink)
capsule
68
it forms colonies which are often slimy
capsule
69
Pili is also known as?
Fimbriae
70
it is proteinaceous, filamentous polymeric organelles expressed on the surface of bacteria
Pili
71
It is involved in attachment to surfaces or host cells, helping bacteria adhere to environments, but not directly involved in gene transfer.
Pili Somatic conjugation
72
known as sex pili, facilitate the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation.
sexual conjugation
73
it helps bacteria to adhere to host cell
pili
74
hair like appendage that protrude from the surface of bacteria that is used for locomotion
flagella
75
Flagella locomotion under 25 degrees Celsius
motile locomotion
76
locomotion of flagella under 37 degrees Celsius
non motile locomotion
77
Virulence factors are molecules produced by pathogens that contribute to their ability to:
1. invade the host 2. cause disease 3. evade host defense
78
Adherence factors are molecules that help pathogens attach to host cells and tissues, which is a crucial first step in infection. These include:
1. pili 2. adhesins 3. capsules
79
what are the anti-phagocytic factors?
capsules M CHON/M PROTEIN mycolic acid
80
what are the enzymes?
coagulase fibrinolysin hyaluronidase IgA1 protease
81
what are the toxins?
endotoxin exotoxin

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