lesson 1 Flashcards
Refers to the total store of knowledge relative to the
breeding, feeding, health, care and management
of animals and the marketing and processing of
animals and their products as gained through
practical experience and research method
Animal Science
Human beings during the ___ made no attempts to
domesticate animals, as some were regarded with superstition, and
they ate only those that were not lucky enough to be hunted down.
Old Stone Age
these hunters became husbanders of
animals (animal husbandry) by domestication
New Stone Age
common mammalian farm animals such as cattle, buffalo, hog, goat, sheep and horse.
LIVESTOCK
domestic avian species or birds such as chicken, duck, turkey, goose, quail
etc
POULTRY
term used to refer to smaller creatures of
becoming conventional livestock ( rabbit, guinea pig, honey bees, snails, rodents insects, earthworms etc.)
MICROLIVESTOCK
Importance and benefits of microlivestock:
• Can be an important subsystem where land is scarce, lack
adequate income and nutrition.
• Costs little to buy, a relatively small financial risk and produce
rapid return in investment.
• Provides a steady source of income/food, generates
employment, easily transportable.
are also being raised commercially. Ex.
Crocodile farming, ostrich, wild buffaloes, deer, bison andmountain goat.
Importance: represents important genetic resources (gene pool)
for potential use in animal production or agriculture.
WILD ANIMALS
Marine or aquatic intensive production
involving propagation, rearing and marketing of fish, sea
foods and other marine products (oyster, shrimp, tilapia) in
selected or controlled/modified environments
AQUACULTURE
Importance of Animal Science in
Animal Production and Agriculture
• People initially raise and breed animals to ensure
steady supply of food
• What will happen if problems arise?
- increase in population
- lack of feeds and feeding
- diseases
• Production must be efficient and sustainable
Importance of Animals
• Food
• Work
• Medicine
• Research
• Clothing
• Recreation
• Companionship
• Security
ANIMAL HEALTH AND ROLE OF
VETERINARIANS
The main objective of animal production is to produce animal products that are of high quality and quantity. In order to attain that objective, animals should be healthy or must have normal functioning body systems. Furthermore, animal disease has been an important concern as it influences a number of issues such as food
security for the ever-increasing population and access to international trade. Also, many animal disease agents are zoonotic, therefore, their management and prevention is critical in improving animal health
Healthy animals are likely to produce safer meat, milk and eggs. Therefore, animal health should be a farmer’s foremost concern. In attaining this goal, intervention by a veterinarian for this purpose is very crucial.
Control of diseases/problems of livestock and poultry
can be avoided through:
• Prompt and accurate disease diagnosis
• Appropriate treatment/cure if disease is present, and
• Planned measures and programs for disease
prevention and management
were the first food animals to be domesticated followed by pigs, possibly to dispose of table scraps and waste products
Ruminants
involves more than simply taming. Animals
are considered to be domesticated when:
• they are kept for a distinct purpose
• humans control their breeding
• their survival depends on humans
• they develop traits that are not found in the wild
Domestication
Domesticated in the mountains of Southeast Europe and Central/Southwest Asia.
• Favorable because of their wool and meat for which they are still used and bred today.
• Because of selective breeding for traits and other results of domestication, sheep are the only species of livestock that would be unable to return to the wild.
Sheep (Ovis aries)
Domesticated 11,000-15,000 years ago
Domesticated 10,000-15,000 years ago
are descendants of Bos taurus and Bos indicus.
Bos indicus are the humped cattle found in tropical countries. They are more resistant to diseases, parasites, and heat.
Cattle
Domesticated approx. 5,000 years ago
• evolved from a tiny four-toed ancestor called Eohippus (dawn horse).
Originally, were used for meat and milk, but eventually became useful as pack and draft animals
Horses (Equus caballus)
Domesticated 5,000 - 9,000 years ago
• The modern breeds this came from two wild stocks: the European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and the East Indian pig (Sus vittatus). Some wild type of piglike animals (descendants of the European wild boar), which have never been tamed, still exists in certain parts of the world.
•were utilized more in settled farming communities than in nomadic groups because they are difficult to move for long distances.
Swine (Sus scrofa domesticus)
Domesticated around 6000 - 7000 В.С.
are closely related to sheep.
Goats (Capra hircus)
were being raised by the Chinese about 1400 BC, but were domesticated in India in at least 1000 BC. Although poultry and eggs were used for food early in history, poultry raising have only recently become a major commercial enterprise as they were raised on an individual family basis in the past.
Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
any farm or household, whether farming or non-farming, tending at least one head/bird of animals and does not qualify as a commercial farm.
Backyard Farm
any livestock/poultry farm which satisfies at least one of the following conditions:
• Tending at least 21 heads of adult and at least zero head of young
• Tending at least 41 heads of young animals
• Tending at least 10 heads of adult and at least 22 heads of young
• At least 500 layer, or 1, 000 broiler chicken
• At least 100 layers and 100 broilers if raised in combination
• At least 100 birds of duck regardless of age
Commercial Farm
Problems of Swine
Unabated spread of diseases
Limited availability and high cost of biologics, antibiotics and medicaments
Importation of breeding stocks
Importation of feed ingredients and feed supplements
Inefficient marketing systems and structures
Flooding/dumping of cheap pork and other meat products from other countries
Increasing control of traders and butchers on pricing live slaughter hogs
Industrialization and urbanization of current swine-producing areas
