LESSON 1&2 (not Finished) (base On The Pdf) Flashcards
1
Q
knowledge of facial and _________ and development, hep to treat early malocclusion through prevention, interception, or early correction of interferences
with normal development that lead to malocclusion
A
somatic growth
2
Q
A progressive development
A
Growth
3
Q
state of going through natural growth, differentiation or evolution through successive changes
A
Development
4
Q
the emergence of personal characteristics or features through a growth process; attainment of adult function and size due to proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis
A
Maturation
5
Q
the growth of different organs or parts at different rates
A
Differential Growth
6
Q
DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES OF AN EMBRYO
A
Induction
Proliferation
Differentiation
Morphogenesis
Maturation
7
Q
action of one group of cells on another that leads to the developmental pathway in the responding tissue; interaction between developing embryonic cells
A
Induction
8
Q
cellular growth; mitosis
A
Proliferation
9
Q
change in identical embryonic cells to become structurally and functionally distinct; process of specialization of embryonic cells
A
Differentiation
10
Q
development of specific tissue structure or differing form due to cell migration and induction
A
Morphogenesis
11
Q
attainment of adult function and size; emergence of personal characteristics or features through a growth process
A
Maturation
12
Q
PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
→ from fertilization to implantation
A
Period of the Ovum
13
Q
PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
→ 0-1 week
A
Period of the Ovum
14
Q
PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
→ 2-8 weeks
A
Period of the Embryo
15
Q
PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
→ largely cellular proliferation and migration
A
Period of the Embryo
16
Q
PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
→ differentiation of all major internal and external
organs (morphogenesis)
A
Period of the Embryo
17
Q
PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
→ very vulnerable stage
A
Period of the Embryo
18
Q
PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
→ 8 weeks to 9 months
A
Period of the Fetus
19
Q
PERIODS OF PRENATAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
maturation of existing structures
A
Period of the Fetus
20
Q
PERIOD OF THE OVUM another term
A
PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD
21
Q
0 TO 3 DAYS
A
PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)
22
Q
During 0 TO 3 DAYS there’s a formation of zygote (spermatozoon fertilizes an oocyte) in the oviduct (ampulla of the uterine duct)
A
PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)
23
Q
zygote undergoes cleavage (series of mitotic divisions as the zygote moves along the uterine tube to the uterus) to form blastomeres
At what day also?
A
PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)
0 TO 3 DAYS
24
Q
formation of the morula which enters the uterus 3 days after fertilization
A
PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)
25
formation of the blastocyst (a morula with a fluid-filled space called blastocyst cavity or blastocele)
PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)
26
During these day
implantation
o blastocyst adheres to the surface of the endometrium
AT 6 DAYS
PERIOD OF THE OVUM (PRE-IMPLANTATION PERIOD)
27
formation of (2) cells from the blastocyst
Trophoblast
Embryoblast
28
→ outer cell mass
→ single layer of cells covering the outer
portion of the blastocyst
Trophoblast
29
→ develops into the placenta and other
peripheral structures associated with the embryo
Trophoblast
30
→ inner cell mass
→ group of cells inside the trophoblast that
develops into the embryo
Embryoblast
31
period of organogenesis
o 1/100 to 4/100 inch
32
“week of the two’s”; bilaminar disk stage
PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO (EMBRYONIC PERIOD)
33
formation of (2) layers from the trophoblast:
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
34
inner multinucleated cells
Cytotrophoblast
35
→ outer multinucleated cells
→ invades endometrial tissue and
erodes capillaries causing maternal blood to flow into cavities within the _____
syncytiotrophoblast
36
formation of a bilaminar disk from the embryoblast:
Hypoblast
Epiblast
[[[[[[[PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO (EMBRYONIC PERIOD)]]]]]
37
squamous or cuboidal cells adjacent to the blastocyst cavity
Hypoblast
38
→ later known as the primitive yolk sac
→ primitive endoderm
Hypoblast
39
columnar cells that is separated from the cytotrophoblast by space called amniotic cavity, primitive ectoderm
Epiblast
40
trilaminar disk stage
THIRD WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
41
→ gastrulation (the bilaminar disk is converted into a trilaminar
disk)
THIRD WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
42
period of the “three’s”
o formation of the (3) embryonic or germ layers
o formation of the primitive streak, notochord, and neural
tube
THIRD WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
43
begins when the primitive streak is formed; its formation will cause the disk to have right and left half wherein each half will be a mirror of the other
TRILAMINAR DISK
44
a narrow trough with slightly bulging sides that develops in the midline of the epiblast toward the caudal end; develops when ectodermal cells along the central axis proliferate to form a rounded elevation that later becomes a linear structure
Primitive Streak
45
located at the cranial end of the primitive streak
Primitive Pit
46
elevated portion around the primitive pit; mesodermal cells that will form the notochord
Primitive Node
47
movement or migration of cells to the primitive streak and primitive node which detach from the epiblast and continues to grow beneath the epiblast
INVAGINATION
48
innermost layer composed of cells that displace the hypoblast
Endoderm
49
composed of cells between the endoderm and the epiblast; formed by the movement of some cells of the epiblast toward the hypoblast at the primitive streak
Mesoderm
50
composed o the remaining cells of the epiblast
Ectoderm
51
cells that invaginate into the primitive streak and node grows cranially to form a cellular rod called the ___________ that runs longitudinally in the midline of the trilaminar disk
notochordal process
52
→ represents the early midline of the embryo where the axial skeleton will form
→ future site of the vertebral column
NOTOCHORD
53
At the end of the third week, the total length is ______
1.0 mm
54
> 5mm
>embryo begins to form a tubular structure
FOURTH WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
55
in front of the primitive streak is the _____
primitive node
56
mesodermal cells that will form the notochord
primitive node
57
a neural plate forms
neuroectoderm
58
also have differentiation of cells from the ectoderm to form the _____
neuroectoderm
59
At the end of the third week, the total length is.
1.0 mm
60
embryo folds along this tube–results from extensive proliferation of the ectoderm and the differentiation of specific tissues at the cephalic end
What week?
FOURTH WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
61
folding results in the formation of the primitive oral
cavity
stomodeum
62
development of a head fold
What week?
FOURTH WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
63
head formation
- rostral or head fold
- anterior portion of the neural tube expands as the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
What week?
FOURTH WEEK OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
64
→ process of the development of the neural tube from the closure of the neural plate and neural fold
NEURULATION
65
→ day18
→ occurs when the notochord and adjacent mesenchyme causes the
ectoderm to form the neural plate
→ mesodermal cells that will form the notochord
NEURULATION
66
thickening of the ectoderm over the notochord that will fold to form the neural groove
Neural Plate
67
cells of the neural plate
Neuroectoderm
68
elevated lateral edges of the neural plate; form the cells of the neural crest
Neural Folds
69
→ cells from the neural folds
→ migratory (migrates throughout the
body and differentiates into various
structures)
→ population of cells
Neural Crest Cells
70
multipotent
Neural Crest Cells
71
gives rise to ectodermal tissues and
mesenchyme in specific areas of the head/face
Neural Crest Cells
72
provides the embryonic connective tissue needed for craniofacial development (face, neck, and oral tissues)
Neural Crest Cells
73
a groove located between the neural folds
that fuses to form the neural tube
Neural Groove
74
result of the fusion of the neural folds at the midline on the fourth week of development that will later give rise to
the
brain and spinal cord
Neural Tube
75
portions of the mesoderm that do not form the notochord divide into sections called
somites
76
→ specific body regions and structures
→ masses of mesoderm along the sides of the neural tube to form
the striated muscles of face, jaw and throat, dermis, and
vertebrae
somites
77
Number of somite pairs give rise to most of the skeletal structures of the
head, neck, and trunk
38
78
located on either side of the neural tube to give rise to skeleton
and muscle tissue
SOMITES
79
True or false
1st occipital and 5th to 7th coccygeal disappear while the rest
form the axial skeleton
True
80
the flat trilaminar disk folds to form the typical ____-shaped embryo
C
81
due to the folding of the endodermal-lined yolk sac into the embryo
formation of the primordial gut (foregut, midgut, and hindgut)
82
consists of bilaterally paired arches, 5 pouches (clefts), 6 grooves and membranes
PHARYNGEAL (BRANCHIAL) APPARATUS
83
fissures that separate the pharyngeal arches on the external surface of the embryo
Pharyngeal Grooves or Clefts
84
separates the arches on the inner surface of the embryo; represents the extensions of the development pharynx between the inner surface of the adjacent pairs of arches
Pharyngeal Pouches
85
tissue between the pouches and clefts that connects the adjacent arches
Pharyngeal Membranes
86
has a major role in the formation of structures of the head and neck (face, oral cavity, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx)
PHARYNGEAL (BRANCHIAL) APPARATUS
87
6 pairs of bars that form lateral or at the sides of the primordial pharynx (develops from the foregut) that develops due to the migration of neural crest cells into the head and neck region
PHARYNGEAL ARCHES
88
True or false
the fifth arch disappears soon after formation
True
89
True or false
the first 4 arches are well-developed in humans
True
90
only the first and second arches extend to the ___
midline
91
the 3rd, 4th, 5th arch are divided in the midline by the
developing ____
heart
92
What composed of PHARYNGEAL ARCHES?
each has a nerve, cartilage, and arterial component
93
all structures that form the arch are innervated by the
associated ____
cranial nerve
94
only groove that gives to structure in the adult
Groove 1
95
Groove:
derivative: external auditory meatus
Groove 1
96
gives rise to the cervical sinus that becomes obliterated during the development of the neck
Groove 2
97
In PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE, membrane 1 forms the _____
tympanic membrane
98
True or false
In PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE, the remaining membranes regress
True
99
derivatives:
o tympanic cavity
o auditory or Eustachian tube
o mastoid antrum
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 1
100
derivatives:
o crypts of palatine tonsil
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES
101
derivatives:
o inferior parathyroid gland o thymus
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 3
102
derivatives:
o superior parathyroid gland
o parafollicular cells (cells that produce calcitonin)
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 4
103
regresses
What PHARYNGEAL POUCHES?
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 5
104
ectodermal swellings or prominences that are
filled with mesodermal and neural crest cells
primordia
105
True or false
EVENTS IN THE FORMATION OF FACIAL STRUCTURES
fusion of the medial ends of the mandibular processes in the midline for the chin and lower lip
True
106
5TH WEEK
→ nasal placodes develop_______ on the surface ectoderm on the lower part of the frontonasal prominence
bilaterally
107
5TH WEEK
___________ proliferates at the margins of the placodes and produces the medial and lateral nasal processes that transforms the placodes into nasal pits (future nostrils)
mesenchyme
108
the lateral nasal processes is separated from the maxillary process by a groove called the __________ which disappears to form the nasolacrimal duct
nasolacrimal groove
109
the developing eyes comes forward to the face as the
frontonasal prominence ______
narrows
110
6TH WEEK
→ the medial nasal processes merge in the midline to form the ________
intermaxillary segment
111
6TH WEEK
will give rise to the center of the upper lip, philtrum, primary palate, and part of the alveolar process for the upper incisors
intermaxillary segment
112
→ lateral portion of upper lip
→ upper cheek
→ secondary palate
Maxillary Processes
113
→ forehead
→ dorsum and bridge of nose
Frontonasal Prominence
114
→ intermaxillary segment
→ midline of nose
→ nasal septum
Medial Nasal Processes
115
ala of the nose
Lateral Nasal Processes
116
entire upper lip
Medial Nasal Prominence and Maxillary Processes
117
→ external nose
Frontonasal Prominence, Medial, and Lateral Nasal Processes
118
→ lower lip
→ lower cheek → chin
Mandibular Processes
119
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE
Week?
6 to 12 weeks
120
→ the triangular shaped part of the palate anterior to the incisive foramen
→ arises from the intermaxillary segment
Primary Palate
121
→ gives rise to the hard and soft palate posterior to the incisive foramen
→ arise from the internal aspect of the maxillary processes as lateral palatine shelves
Secondary Palate
122
→ initially, the ______ are widely separated since they project vertically on each side of the tongue
lateral palatine processes
123
clinical remnant of the fusion of the palatine shelves
Median Palatine Raphe
124
marks the junction of the primary palate and the lateral palatine shelves
Incisive foramen
125
a congenital abnormality that results from the failure of the fusion of the medial nasal processes and maxillary processes
Cleft Lip
126
a congenital abnormality that results from the failure of the fusion of the lateral palatine shelves to each other, with the nasal septum, or with the primary palate
Cleft Palate
127
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TONGUE starts with the enlargement of the ____
tuberculum
impar
128
the mucosa of the posterior 1⁄3 or base of the tongue develops
from the _______
hypobranchial eminence
129
the V-shaped demarcation or line of fusion between the body and base of the tongue
Terminal Sulcus or Sulcus Terminalis
130
the point where the first and 2nd arches unite and is located at the apex or just behind the terminal sulcus in the midline
Foramen Caecum
131
facial nerve
Taste Buds
132
trigeminal nerve
Body of the Tongue
133
glossopharyngeal nerve
Base of the Tongue
134
hypoglossal nerve
Skeletal Muscle of Tongue
135
True or false
first structure to develop in the lower jaw:
o mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
True
136
at 6 weeks:
__________ extends or forms a solid hyaline
cartilaginous rod surrounded by a fibrocellular capsule
Mecke’s cartilage
137
at 7 weeks:
_______ spreads anteriorly and
posteriorly to form the bone of the mandible
intramembranous ossification
138
True or false
at 10 weeks:
o rudimentary mandible is formed
True
139
ossifies by intramembranous ossification
Calvaria
140
ossified by endochondral ossification
Cranial Base
141
term for developing organism (fetus)
Week?
from 8 weeks
142
o face is well formed
o tooth buds appear
Week?
at 9 weeks
143
sucking motions are made in the mouth
Week?
at 10 weeks
144
What arch number?
Maxillary artery
I
(Mandibular)
145
What arch number?
Hyoid and Stapedial Arteries
II
(Hyoid Arch)
146
What arch number?
Internal Carotid Artery
III
147
What arch number?
Subclavian Artery (left side of the arch)
* right side of the arch contributes to the arch of the aorta, pulmonary arteries*
IV
148
At the end of 3rd week OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT the total length is _____.
1.0 mm
149
At what period and week will it begins to form a tubular structure?
Period of embryo, 4th week
150
What period and week folding of embryo start?
Period of embryo, 4th week
151
At what week and period will the development of pharyngeal arches begin?
Period of embryo, 4th week
152
At what week and period does facial prominence formed?
Period of embryo, 4th week
153
During the DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACE at 4th week, what will formed first?
Mandible
154
At the end of 5th week the size is?
8mm
155
6-7th week size
13 mm
156
Maxillary processes continue to increase in
size:
1. laterally, fuses with the mandibular processes (_____)
Cheek
157
Maxillary processes continue to increase in
size:
medially, compresses the medial nasal processes and fuse (___)
upper lip
158
At what week the medial nasal swellings enlarge, grow medially, fuse to form the intermaxillary segment
7week
159
At what week, Breakdown of buccopharyngeal membrane?
5 weeks
160
What week?
Primitive skull and primitive palate
6th week
161
critical period in DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PALATE:
6 to 9 weeks
162
What arch?
Body of the tongue
1st
163
What arch?
Base of the tongue
2-4th arcg
164
Weeks?
primary palate
5 to 6 weeks
165
Week?
secondary palate
6 to 12 weeks
166
Week?
final palate
12 weeks
167
2 primordia
1. Primary palate
2. Secondary palate
168
from deep part of intermaxillary segment
(median palatine process)
169
True or false
Fusion of the palatine shelves occurs first just posterior to the primary palate
Tru
170
Anterior 2/3 is invaded by bone
HARD PALATE
171
Posterior part is invaded by muscles to form the soft palate
SOFT PALATE
172
Incisive suture = union of primary and secondary
palate
SOFT PALATE
173
palatine raphe = union of lateral palatine sheves
SOFT PALATE
174
• within the fourth week
• two bulges form inferior to the stomatodeum
Development of the Mandible
175
In what week of the mandible intramembranous ossification begins in this mesenchyme and spreads anteriorly and posteriorly to form the ramus and body
7 week
176
Rapid ossification backward and away from the Meckel's cartilage from a point of divergence (lingual)
Ramus of the mandible
177
Enumerate the pharyngeal cartilage
Meckel’s Cartilage
Reichert’s Cartilage
Part of the Hyoid Cartilage
Laryngeal Cartilage
178
What nerve?
Base of the Tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve
179
What nerve?
Body of the Tongue
trigeminal nerve
180
What arch?
Muscles of the Pharynx and Larynx
IV
181
What arch?
Muscles of Mastication
I
182
What arch?
mandible
I
183
middle ear ossicles–malleus and incus
from the dorsal end of the Mecke’s cartilage
184
What arch?
Internal Carotid Artery
III
