LESSON 1-5

Question 1

Consists of changes in the heritable traits of a population of organisms as successive generations replace one another.

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

Proposed the Darwinian Evolutionary Theory in On the Origin of Species (1859)

Answer 2

Charles Darwin

Question 3

Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success.
Organisms produce many diverse offspring.
These offspring compete for survival in their environment.
Traits that improve survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed on.
Over time, this leads to changes in population traits.

Answer 3

Natural Selection

Question 4

Doesn’t only affect physical characteristics (e.g., polar bears’ coats or humans’ vision) but also influences behaviors and emotions

Answer 4

Natural selection

Question 5

A branch of psychology that applies evolutionary theory to understand human behavior and mental processes. It examines how human behavior and psychological traits are influenced by the process of evolution. It focuses on how adaptive mechanisms, shaped by natural selection, contribute to survival and reproduction.

Answer 5

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 6

A dynamic and integral aspect of society that encompasses both non-material aspects like values and beliefs, and material aspects such as objects and technology, all of which shape and are being shaped by society (Cole, 2024).

Answer 6

Culture

Question 7

This nine-day pre-Christmas novena mass starts early in the morning and is a cherished tradition for Filipino Catholics.

Answer 7

Simbang Gabi

Question 7

Is dynamic and shapes society, encompassing:
Non-material aspects (values, beliefs)
Material aspects (objects, technology)

Answer 7

Culture

Question 8

A May festival that reenacts the search for the Holy Cross by St. Helena.

Answer 8

Santacruzan

Question 9

A gesture of respect where younger people press the hand of an elder to their forehead.

Answer 9

Mano Po

Question 10

This iconic tradition of community cooperation highlights unity and the value of helping one another.

Answer 10

Bayanihan Spirit

Question 10

Observable actions influenced by internal states and external factors.

Answer 10

Behavior

Question 11

Eating with hands from banana leaves is a communal practice that fosters connection and celebrates Filipino culinary traditions.

Answer 11

Kamayan

Question 12

Is the observable actions or reactions of individuals or groups, shaped by both internal psychological states and external environmental factors (Popescu, 2014).

Answer 12

Behavior

Question 13

THE CULTURAL ANIMAL

Answer 13

A book by Roy Baumeister

Question 14

Provided survival tools

Answer 14

Biological evolution

Question 15

Drives progress and complexity

Answer 15

Cultural evolution

Question 16

Shapes human cooperation, social interaction, and meaning-making

Answer 16

Culture

Question 17

The Foundation of Human Behavior

Answer 17

Social Learning

Question 18

Enables adaptation to diverse environments

Answer 18

Social learning

Question 19

Transmits knowledge and values

Answer 19

Culture

Question 20

Guide acceptable behavior

Answer 20

Norms

Question 21

Create social cohesion

Answer 21

Values

Question 22

Culture

Answer 22

Rewards conformity, discourages deviation

Question 24

Provides symbols, narratives, and traditions

Answer 24

Culture

Question 25

A Culturally Learned Skill

Answer 25

Self-Regulation

Question 26

Drives social learning, cooperation, and self-regulation

Answer 26

Culture

Question 27

Plays a foundational role in shaping our cognitive processes and social behaviors. At its core, culture dictates how individuals interpret their social worlds. Social psychologists highlight that culture is a lens through which we filter experiences, creating a framework for understanding morality, social roles, norms, and even emotions.

Answer 27

Culture

Question 28

The observable manifestation of cultural influences on our actions. Social psychologists study behavior to understand how people interact within groups, how they are influenced by social norms, and how they conform to societal expectations.

Answer 28

Behavior

Question 29

Another crucial intersection of culture and behavior. Social psychology focuses on how individuals derive their sense of self from the groups to which they belong—whether based on ethnicity, nationality, religion, or social class

Answer 29

Social Identity

Question 30

Affects social perception—the way we perceive others and the judgments we make about them.

Answer 30

Culture

Question 31

Refers to a change in a person’s behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people.

Answer 31

Conformity

Question 32

Series of psychological experiments conducted by Solomon Asch in the 1950s. The purpose was to demonstrate the power of conformity in groups. People were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.

Answer 32

ASCH’S CONFORMITY EXPERIMENTS

Question 33

A psychological phenomenon in which people strive for consensus within a group when maintaining group agreement overrides careful consideration of the facts (e.g., explosion of the Challenger Space Shuttle).

Answer 33

Groupthink

Question 34

WHY DO WE CONFORM?: People typically conform for two reasons:

Answer 34

Desire to be correct Desire to be liked and accepted by others

Question 35

People have a powerful need to belong; we’ll go to great lengths to avoid social exclusion.

Answer 35

Belonging

Question 36

We also often rely on others as a means of determining reality, and we use their behavior as a guide to indicate appropriate actions.

Answer 36

Getting Information

Question 37

Refers to the fact that the greater number of witnesses there are to an event, the less likely anyone is to help.

Answer 37

THE BYSTANDER EFFECT

Question 38

Generally refers to the act of willingly and wholeheartedly embracing or recognizing something that is offered, suggested, or presented. In Psychology, it is a concept that can be applied in various contexts, therefore its definition could also vary.

Answer 38

Acceptance

Question 39

A form of sincere and inward conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.

Answer 39

Acceptance

Question 40

It is the opposite of Compliance, which is the insincere and outward form of conformity.

Answer 40

Acceptance

Question 41

Wanting to do something out of genuine belief in the activity.

Answer 41

Acceptance

Question 42

Having to do something out of obligation or pressure.

Answer 42

Compliance

Question 43

An optical illusion where a stationary point of light in a dark, featureless environment appears to move. This occurs because, in the absence of a reference point, the brain struggles to determine the light’s position, creating a perception of motion.

Answer 43

Autokinetic Phenomenon

Question 44

Participants were placed alone in a dark room and shown a stationary point of light. They were asked to estimate how far the light moved, even though it didn’t move (due to the autokinetic phenomenon). Their estimates varied widely because they lacked a reference point.

Answer 44

INDIVIDUAL JUDGMENT PHASE

Question 45

On subsequent days, participants were grouped with two others and asked to provide their estimates aloud. As they shared their guesses, their individual estimates gradually converged, creating a group norm.

Answer 45

GROUP JUDGMENT PHASE

Question 46

Even when tested alone later, participants continued to adhere to the group norm, showing that the group influence had become internalized.

Answer 46

FOLLOW-UP TESTING

Question 47

When placed in a group, their estimates gradually converged, aligning with one another to form a group norm, even though the light never moved. Participants not only complied outwardly but also internalized the group norm.

Answer 47

CONFORMITY OF THE EXPERIMENT

Question 48

The “chameleon effect, ” as shown by Chartrand and Bargh (1999), demonstrates that people unconsciously mimic others’ behaviors, such as foot-tapping or face-rubbing. This enhances social bonding and increases the likelihood of cooperation or helpfulness.

Answer 48

Behavioral Mimicry

Question 49

Groups often share emotional states, as seen in workplace studies by Totterdell et al. (1998). For instance, being around happy people can elevate one’s mood.

Answer 49

Mood Linkage

Question 50

People are more likely to laugh when others laugh, especially if they perceive the laughing group as relatable (e.g., similar demographics).

Answer 50

Laugh Tracks and Social Influence

Question 51

Sherif’s principles extend to the tragic consequences of social suggestibility, exemplified by the Werther effect, named after Goethe’s 1774 novel. In the story, the protagonist’s suicide inspired waves of imitative suicides, prompting some regions to ban the book.

Answer 51

THE WERTHER EFFECT AND COPYCAT SUICIDES

Question 52

People adjust their perceptions and judgments to align with those of a group, even in the absence of an objective standard.

Answer 52

GROUP INFLUENCE IS POWERFUL

Question 53

Once established, group norms are not just temporary; they persist and shape individual behavior even when the individual is no longer in the group setting.

Answer 53

NORMS ARE INTERNALIZED

Question 54

People’s understanding of reality is influenced by social interactions, highlighting how shared beliefs can create a collective sense of truth, even when based on false premises.

Answer 54

SOCIAL REALITY IS CONSTRUCTED

Question 55

MOTIVATION TO CONFORMITY THROUGH ACCEPTANCE Deutsch and Gerard (1955) two reason why we conform:

Answer 55

NORMATIVE INFLUENCE INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE

Question 56

Refers to the pressure to conform to the expectations of others in order to be accepted or liked by the group

Answer 56

NORMATIVE INFLUENCE

Question 57

Rooted in social psychology’s theory of belongingness

Answer 57

NORMATIVE INFLUENCE

Question 58

Fear of rejection drives conformity as individuals want to avoid negative consequences, such as disapproval, ridicule, or exclusion.

Answer 58

NORMATIVE INFLUENCE

Question 59

Occurs when individuals conform because they believe the group has superior knowledge or information.

Answer 59

INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE

Question 60

Stems from social comparison theory, where individuals evaluate their own beliefs and behaviors by comparing them with others, particularly in ambiguous situations.

Answer 60

INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE

Question 61

In uncertain contexts, people rely on cognitive heuristics (mental shortcuts) and trust collective wisdom to reduce uncertainty.

Answer 61

INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE

Question 62

It is often tied to a power dynamic, where someone in authority or with influence exerts control over another, prompting the latter to follow rules or instructions to maintain harmony or avoid consequences.

Answer 62

COMPLIANCE IS RELATED TO A POWER DYNAMIC

Question 63

Compliance is commonly seen as an active form of social influence intentionally initiated by one party. It can stem from either explicit requests or implicit pressures.

Answer 63

COMPLIANCE AS AN ACTIVE FORM OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Question 64

Compliance involves modifying your behavior because someone requested you to. While you may have declined the request, you chose to comply.

Answer 64

COMPLIANCE AS AN ACTIVE FORM OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Question 65

Compliance can also emerge in everyday social interactions

Answer 65

COMPLIANCE IN EVERYDAY SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

Question 66

This behavior is not exclusive to humans. Animals also exhibit compliance through behavioral conditioning. This concept is universal in behavioral conditioning. Animals, like humans, can be trained to exhibit or suppress behaviors through operant conditioning.

Answer 66

ALL ANIMALS RESPOND TO REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS