Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Integumentary > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ranges in skin thickness

A

0.5 to 6.0mm

weighs 4-5 kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much cardiac output does skin receive?

A

1/3 resting cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skin function:

A 
Thermoregulation
Sensation
Metabolism of vitamin D
Protection from Shear
Protection from Water Loss
Body image, expression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 main layers:

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How often is epidermal renewal?

A

every 45 to 75 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Layers of epidermis:

A 
startum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
statum spinosum
statum basale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does epidermins receive nutrients?

A

diffusion from dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thickness of epidermis?

A

.06-.6 mm thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Are the majority of epithelial cells (90%).

Make up the layers of the epidermis, lining of various body organs, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What attracks keratinocytes?

A

Attracted by neutrophils, macrophages, and the current of injury and advance in a sheet to resurface injured area.
Also advance from dermal appendages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What stimulates growth of keratinocytes?

A

Growth stimulated by moist environment and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Corneocytes

A

Differentiated keratinocyte surrounded by a cornified envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Dendritic clear cells containing distinctive granules

Probably monocytic in origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Langerhan cells necrosed by?

A

UV rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Location of Melanocytes:

A

Between or beneath the deepest layer of epithelium (Basal layer).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of melanocytes:

A

Synthesize melanin (pigment) from amino acids Tyrosine with enzyme tyrosinase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do melanocytes pigment the cell?

A

Have branching processes by which melanosomes (pigment granules) are transferred to epidermal cells, pigmenting epidermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cells involved in hypersensitivity and skin graft rejection?

A

Langerhans Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Merkel Cells/Discs

A

Mechanoreceptors attached to keratinocytes by desmasomes that provide sensation of light touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Epidermal functions

A

Protective layer to the more fragile dermis and its structures
Prevents water loss (90% keratinocytes)/regulates fluid
Synthesizes vitamin D
Provides pigmentation (melanocytes)
Protect from shear, friction and toxins
Important role for body image, expression
Assists with excretion
Light touch sensation
Thermoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Starum Corneum:

A

25- 30 rows of flat dead cells filled with Keratin
Flattened cells, no nuclei
Continuously shed and replaced, barrier to heat, light, bacteria and some chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stratum Lucidium

A

only present in palms of hands and soles of feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Appearance of stratum lucidium under microscope:

A

Clear flat dead cells that appear clear under microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stratum Grannulosum (grannular layer)

A

3-5 rows of flattened cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does stratum grannulosum contain?
Keratohyalin which is precursor to waterproofing protein Keratin which is found in the top layer
26
Stratum Spinosum
Multiple rows of polyhedral cells
27
What does stratum spinosum contain?
More mature rows of keratinocytes appear “spiny” due to keratin filament formation Langerhan cells
28
What is the stratum spinosum attached together by?
desmosomes
29
Stratum Basale/Germinativum
Cuboidal/Columnar Cells | Site of new cell production
30
What are keratoncytes connected by in the stratum basale?
connected to the basement membrane by hemadesmosomes, and to each other by desmosomes
31
Which layer doe nails arise from?
stratum basale
32
What else is in stratum basale?
``` merkel discs (nerve endings/mechanoreceptors) melanocytes ```
33
Basement Membrane
Attaches the epidermis to the dermis via rete ridges(rete pegs) Acts as a scaffold for the epidermis Filters substances moving from dermis to epidermis
34
What compromised basement membrane?
type IV collagen fibers
35
What does dermis house?
Sensory organs Vasculature- Provides nourishment to epidermis and thermoregulation Dermal appendages Protects against infection
36
Thickness of dermis:
2-4mm | thickest layer of skin
37
Dermal appendages
hair follicles sebaceous glands sudoriferous glands nails
38
Where are sudoriferous glands?
everywhere but lips and ears secrete sweat
39
Dermis cell types
``` Fibroblasts produce collagen and elastin Macrophages White blood cells Mast cells- produce histamines Sensory receptors ```
40
Papillary region
Top 1/5 is the dermal papillae- which are finger-like projections into concavities of the epidermis and attach to the Rete ridges of the epidermis
41
What does the papillary region allow?
capillaries to come close to the epidermis for nutrient and O 2 exchange
42
Reticular Region
Dense irregular connective tissue, collagen, elastin Contains adipose, follicles, nerves, oil glands, ducts of sweat glands Provides strength and elasticity to skin
43
Subcutaneous/Endodermal Layer/Hypodermis
Fibers extend from the dermis into this layer to anchor the skin Superficial fascia (fibrous in appearance) Contains deep blood vessels and nerve endings Adipose or fatty layer
44
What does the adipose or fatty layer do?
``` White or pale yellow when healthy Insulates Energy reserve Cushioning Storage of vitamin A, D, E, & K ```
45
Deep Tissue Layer
muscle tendon ligament/joint capsule bone
46
Effects of aging on skin:
``` decreases: Dermal thickness Fatty layer Collagen and elastin Sensation and metabolism Sweat glands Circulation Epidermal regeneration ```
47
Superficial Wounds effect:
epidermis
48
Examples of superficial wound:
abrasion | first degree burn
49
Partial thickness would affects:
epidermis | dermis
50
Examples of partial thickness wounds:
blister second degree burn stage II pressure ulcer wagner grade I ulcer
51
Full thickness would affects:
epidermis dermis subcutaneous tissue may extend deeper
52
Examples of full thickness wounds:
3rd degree burns 4th degree burn stage II pressure ulcer wagner grade 2-5 ulcer
53
Types of Full Thickness Wound Closure
primary intention secondary intention delayed primary/tertiary intention
54
Primary intention:
wound edges are approximated and closed
55
Secondary intention:
allow wound to heal without surgical closure. Heals with scar tissue replacement. Infection risk or unable to approximate edges
56
Delayed primary/ tertiary intention:
The wound is allowed to heal secondarily, then primarily closed for final healing. Done to resolve infection, allow contracture of wound or granulation base prior to grafting. Wound should be closed within 1–2 weeks of suturing
57
How long does primary closure (intention) take?
1-14 days | edges are approximated
58
How long does secondary closure (intention) take?
follows 3 phases of normal wound healing
59
How long does an acute wound take in secondary closure?
within 2 weeks
60
How long does chronic wound take in secondary closure?
within 30 days
61
Phases of Wound Healing
Hemostasis Inflammation Epithelialization/Proliferation Remodeling
62
Hemostasis
Immediate after injury Vasoconstriction Platelet aggregation-Platelets adhere to vascular endothelium and each other
63
What is released as platelets adhere?
albumin, fibrinogen, fibrinectin, coagulation factors, and growth factors including PDGF, TGF-, FGF-2 (cytokines and chemotactic agents) Fibrin deposition, clot is end product
64
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
``` Swelling Redness Warmth Pain Decreased function ```
65
How long does inflammation last?
start at time of injury and lasts 3-7 days
66
Margination
A phenomenon that occurs during the early inflammatory phase. As a result of capillary dilation and slowed blood flow, Leucocytes tend to occupy the periphery and adhere to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels
67
Cellular response of inflammation:
``` Platelets PMNs Fibroblasts Macrophages Mast cells ```
68
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes:
``` Margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis First cells to site of injury Scavengers Kill bacteria Clean wound Secrete inflammatory mediators and MMPs ```
69
What do Granular (polymorphonuclear leukocytes- PMN’s) neutrophils do?
cleanse wound of microorganisms release lysozyme migrate to wound space phagocytotic
70
What is lysozyme?
an enzyme that produce free radicals to destroy bacteria
71
Who do PMNs eosinophils do?
Larger nucleii than neutrophils. | Motile phagocytes with distinctive anti-parasitic function
72
What do PMNs basophils do?
release histamine which cause vascular dilation | stimulates migration of enothelial cells
73
What to basophils promote?
fibroblast proliferation and mitosis by release of a mitogen TNF alpha
74
Macrophages:
type of monocyte from bone marrow ingest bacteria clean up debris after infection
75
What do macrophages excrete?
ascorbic acid, Hydrogen peroxide, & Lactic Acid which attract more Macrophages and intensify inflammatory response.
76
Parts of proliferation:
angiogenesis granulation tissue formation wound contraction
77
Goal of proliferation phase?
in wound defect with new tissue, and restore skin integrity
78
When does proliferation phase begin?
Overlaps and follows the inflammatory Phase beginning 3-5 days post-injury and continuing for 3 weeks in healing by primary intention
79
Angiogenesis
Capillary buds extend into the wound bed. Endothilial cells fill wound space creating capillaries with loose junctions and gaps in enothelial lining causing edematous look. Capillary loops look like small granules: Granulation. Granulation tissue is delicate and needs protection. Collagen synthesis by fibroblasts
80
Chronic wound:
Fibronection composition, Chronic wound fluid-inhibiting factors, delayed re-epithelialization due to non-productive wound edges, protracted inflammatory and proliferative responses
81
Goal of epithelization:
wound closure
82
When does epithelization begin?
Starts immediately after trauma as protection from organisms | Occurs concurrently with other phases
83
Function of angioblast:
forms new blood vessels
84
Function of fibroblast:
builds granulation tissue
85
Function of myofibroblast:
causes wound contraction
86
Function of keratinocyte
reepithelialize wound surface
87
Maturation and Remodeling
New collagen synthesis Old collagen is broken down by collagenases Reorientation of collagen fibers May continue up to 2 years after wound closure
88
When does remodeling being?
Begins as Granulation tissue is formed and continues for 1-2 years post injury until it reaches maturation
89
Strength after remodeling?
Will not exceed 70-80% tensile strength of original. At closure tensile strength 15% normal
90
Chronic remodeling:
imbalance in collagen synthesis and lysis, dehiscence, keloids

Integumentary (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions