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Empowerment Technology > Lesson 1: Computers > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Computers Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Computers are __________

A

everywhere

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2
Q

Computers are used in your ____ _____, in your ____, in your home __________, and in your car’s ______ ______

A

cell phone; ATMs; thermostat; cruise control

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3
Q

assist you in most parts of your daily life and play a central role in worldwide communications, entertainment, education, commerce, and other business activities

A

Computers

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4
Q

Computers have been around since the late _____

A

1940s

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5
Q

Meaning of UNIVAC

A

Universal Automatic Computer

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6
Q

Meaning of ENIAC

A

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

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7
Q

was designed and built for the United States Army (government) to calculate artillery firing tables

A

ENIAC

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8
Q

used for general purpose computing with large amounts of input and output; used for military

A

UNIVAC

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9
Q

have more processing power than a UNIVAC, cost less than any of its components, and fit in the palm of your hand

A

Today’s smartphones

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10
Q

an electronic device that receives data (input), processes data, stores data, and produces a result (output)

A

Computer

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11
Q

a collection of raw unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, sound, images, and video

A

Data

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12
Q

actual machine

A

Hardware

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13
Q

Examples of Hardware (WTC)

A

Wires, Transistors, Circuits

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14
Q

instructions or programs for controlling the computer

A

Software

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15
Q

text, numbers, sound, images, or video; receives through an input device, processes it, produces the output information on an output device, and stores the information on a storage device

A

Data

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16
Q

input and output devices, such as keyboards and monitors, are types of hardware

A

Peripherals

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17
Q

data transformed into meaningful form

A

Information

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18
Q

Steps in Information Processing Cycle (IPOS)

A
  1. Input
  2. Processing
  3. Output
  4. Storage
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19
Q

you can use today’s computers efficiently to enhance your life and the lives of those around you

A

To be computer literate

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20
Q

means you understand a wide range of information about current technology and how it is used to solve problems

A

Computer Literacy

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21
Q

an economic gap between those who are computer literate and have access to computer technology, and those who do not

A

Digital Divide

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22
Q

provides the means for you to interact with the computer’s hardware

A

Software

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23
Q

runs a computer and includes the operating system and utility programs

A

System Software

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24
Q

software that coordinates the resources and activities on a computer

A

Operating System

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25
helps the operating system set up, maintain, and protect a computer
Utility Program
26
software used to directly complete a specific task or to create something electronically
Application Software
27
helps you perform tasks such as writing a report, creating a video, viewing a Web page, or sending photos to a friend
Application Software
28
installed on a single computer and are called single-user operating systems because one user interacts with the operating system at a time
Personal Computer Operating Systems (PCOS)
29
Personal Computers are ____________ operating systems, which means they let you work with more than one program at a time
multitasking
30
Most popular personal computer operating systems are:
1. Windows 2. Mac OS 3. Linux
31
became widespread because it ran on inexpensive personal computers created by a variety of computer manufacturers
Windows
32
easy to use and to personalize, and it runs more types of applications than other operating systems
Windows
33
runs only on Apple Macintosh computers
Mac OS
34
set the standard for GUI operating systems and is liked by its users for being a very secure, reliable, and easy-to-maintain operating system.
Mac OS
35
a personal computer operating system related to UNIX, which is an operating system developed in the late 1960s that is frequently used by scientists and programmers
Linux
36
Linux is released to the public as ____-______ software, meaning anyone can use, modify, and distribute it
open-source
37
is available in versions called distributions, including commercial and non-commercial distributions
Linux
38
designed for small handheld computing devices; includes features similar to a personal operating system but is simpler and smaller
Mobile Operating Systems
39
a cell phone that includes many features of a computer
Smartphone
40
_______ are one-piece mobile computers that usually include a ___________, which is a screen you touch to interact with the GUI
Tablets; Touchscreen
41
___ a version of Mac OS X written for Apple’s mobile devices, including iPhones and iPads
iOS
42
is an open-source operating system designed to run on many types of smartphones and tablets, and is derived from Linux
Google's Android
43
- Mobile operating systems primarily work as ______-____, ______-_______ operating systems
single-user, single-tasking
44
resides on a server and is used to manage a network (a group of two or more computers linked together)
Server operating system
45
a computer that provides network services such as e-mail to other computers, or clients
Server
46
sometimes called network operating systems
Server operating systems
47
- Server operating systems are _____-____ operating systems because they allow many users to run programs and use the server’s resources at the same time
Multi-user
48
controls your computer from the time you turn on the power to the time you turn it off
Operating System Tasks
49
takes care of technical tasks such as start-up steps, managing memory, processing input and output, controlling hardware, and ending a computer session
Operating Systems Tasks
50
a series of steps the operating system must complete before you can interact with the operating system
Boot Process
51
any component the system requires to do work
Resource
52
The main resources are: (MPSP)
1. Memory 2. Processing Components 3. Storage Space 4. Peripherals
53
the operating system manages ______ ______ ______ efficiently
random access memory (RAM)
54
all programs need space in ___ to run
RAM
55
the case that contains a computer’s main system components
system unit
56
the computer’s main circuit board is called the ___________
motherboard
57
a thin metal plate with an extensive electronic circuit
circuit board
58
- All of the essential chips and the circuitry that connects them are on the ___________
motherboard
59
a single computer chip that contains all the electronic circuitry a computer needs to process data
central processing unit (CPU)
60
a small, thin piece of silicon containing electronic circuits, which is why a chip is called an integrated circuit (IC)
chip
61
performs arithmetic calculations and logical operations
Control Unit
62
are memory cells for temporarily storing data needed by the ALU to perform its calculations
Registers
63
the CPU carries out software instructions by repeating four basic operations in the _______ _____
machine cycle
64
4 steps in the Machine Cycle (FDES)
1. Fetching 2. Decoding 3. Executing 4. Storing
65
retrieves an instruction or a data item from memory
Fetching
66
translates the instruction into a form the computer can execute
Decoding
67
carries out the commands in the instruction
Executing
68
writes the result to memory (not to a storage medium)
Storing
69
_______ and _______ make up the instruction cycle (i-cycle)
Fetching and decoding
70
_________ and _______ make up the execution cycle (E-cycle)
Execution and storing
71
- Machine cycles are measured in microseconds, nanoseconds, and even picoseconds
Clock Speed
72
Clock Speed is also called the ___________ ____, which is the number of instructions the CPU can process per second
Processor's Speed
73
Clock speed is stated in _________
Megahertz (MHZ)
74
Megahertz count
million cycles per second
75
Gigahertz count
billion cycles per second
76
How many cycles per second are in a hertz?
One cycle per second
77
how many bytes of data the CPU can retrieve from RAM at once
bit size
78
data is roughly equivalent to one character
byte
79
a single chip that contains more than one processor
Multicore Processor
80
each processor can work on a different task at the same time
Multicore Processor
81
with a multicore processor, the operating system can use ______________, ____________, and ______________ to improve performance
multiprocessing, multitasking, and multithreading
82
can enhance performance using multitasking and multithreading
Single-core Processor
83
can run more than one program at the same time
Multitasking
84
operating system handles many parts, or threads, of a single program
Multithreading
85
with a single-core processor, the operating system can use only ____________ and ______________
multitasking and multithreading
86
store data and instructions
memory
87
RAM is ________ ______ that loses its contents when you turn off the computer
volatile memory
88
- ROM is ___________ ______ because it is permanent; it does not lose its contents when you turn off the computer
nonvolatile memory
89
data, information, and instructions from applications and the operating system are stored temporarily
RAM
90
usually consists of several chips on a circuit board called a memory module, which is plugged into the motherboard
RAM
91
operating system spends more time swapping data than running software
Thrashing
92
stored on a single chip on the motherboard
ROM
93
retrieves data or programs in ROM when it needs them
Operating System
94
Meaning of RAM
Random Access Memory
95
Meaning of ROM
Read-only Memory
96
a type of ROM that is nonvolatile, but can be modified
Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
97
a type of ROM that can be updated much more quickly than EEPROM and has largely replaced ROM
Flash Memory
98
now being used on mobile computers and peripheral devices
Flash Memory
99
the CPU accesses memory _______ to speed processing
caches
100
memory is a small amount of memory stored on the CPU itself, apart from the registers, where it is almost instantly available
Level 1 Cache
101
memory is a larger amount of memory that can reside on the CPU or on a chip that has a direct connection to the CPU
Level 2 Cache
102
collects heat from an electronic component so the fan can cool it quickly
Heat Sink
103
hardware characteristics such as the amount of memory and the processor speed
System Requirements
104
lists these hardware specifications on the product’s box or Web site
System Requirements
105
some applications include features designed for particular hardware
Optional Hardware Requirements

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