Lesson 1 - Introduction (after break hehe)

Question 1

new genes are generated from __ __

Answer 1

preexisting genes

Question 2

introduces a piece of DNA from the genome of one cell to that of another

Answer 2

Horizontal (intercellular) transfer

Question 3

more than __ gene families are common to all 3 domains of life

Answer 3

200

Question 4

Two fundamentally different classes of cells

Answer 4

1. prokaryotic cell
2. eukaryotic cell

Question 5

• does not have internal organelles surrounded by a membrane
• most functions take place in the cytoplasm

Answer 5

prokaryotic cell

Question 6

has distinct membrane-bound organelles that allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions

Answer 6

eukaryotic cell

Question 7

Two distinct kingdoms of prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

1. eubacteria
2. archaea

Question 8

size of prokaryotes

Answer 8

1-2 μm

Question 9

genome of prokaryotes

Answer 9

single circular DNA

Question 10

additional small circular DNA molecules in prokaryotes

Answer 10

plasmids

Question 11

Two types of membrane bound structures

Answer 11

1. single membrane
2. double membrane

Question 12

single membrane organelles

Answer 12

1. endoplasmic reticulum
2. vacuole
3. lysosome
4. peroxisome

Question 13

double membrane organelles

Answer 13

1. nucleus
2. mitochondrion
3. chloroplast

Question 14

non-membrane bound organelles

Answer 14

1. ribosome
2. proteasome
3. nucleosome
4. centriole and microtubule organizing centers (MTOC)
5. cytoskeleton
6. flagellum

Question 15

site of assembly of ribosome subunits

Answer 15

nucleolus

Question 16

passage for RNA and proteins

Answer 16

nuclear pore

Question 17

• network of membranes related through direct physical contact or by vesicles
• divides the cell into structural and functional compartments

Answer 17

endomembrane system

Question 18

inclusions of the endomembrane system

Answer 18

1. nuclear envelope
2. endoplasmic reticulum
3. golgi complex
4. transport and secretory vesicles
5. lysosomes
6. peroxisomes
7. vacuoles
8. plasma membrane

Question 19

serves important functions particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins

Answer 19

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 20

2 regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 20

1. rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 21

• synthesizes proteins
• extension of the outher nuclear membrane
• ribosomes attached to the membrane
• protein products are wrapped in transport vesicles that bud from the ER

Answer 21

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

protein products are wrapped in __ __

Answer 22

transport vesicles

Question 23

• involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids, which are used in the production of new cellular membrane
• detoxify
• phospholipid biosynthesis

Answer 23

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

• flattened stack of sac-like membranes that are scattered throughout the cytoplasm
• sorts, modifies, packages cellular products and secrete them out to their destinations

Answer 24

golgi bodies

Question 25

flattened stack of sac-like membranes

Answer 25

cisterna

Question 26

name of golgi bodies in plants

Answer 26

dictyosomes

Question 27

receiving side of golgi body

Answer 27

cis face

Question 28

- digests macromolecules, cellular debris, old organelles and foreign substances - produced by the golgi complex - contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes -- 'demolition sites' or 'suicidal bags'

Answer 28

lysosomes

Question 29

releasing side of golgi body

Answer 29

trans face

Question 30

what do lysosomes contain

Answer 30

digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes

Question 31

- detoxify toxins and free radicals, breakdown fats, produce bile salts - contains enzymes produced by cytoplasmic ribosomes

Answer 31

peroxisome

Question 32

where are peroxisomes found

Answer 32

liver cells

Question 33

ubiquitous heme enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen peroxide

Answer 33

- Catalases - peroxidases

Question 34

- storage of water, ergastic substances, inclusions, etc - single membrane organelle separated from the cytoplasmic contents by tonoplast

Answer 34

vacuole

Question 35

membrane that surrounds the large vacuole in a mature plant cell

Answer 35

tonoplast

Question 36

vacuole in animals

Answer 36

small but several

Question 37

vacuole in protists

Answer 37

contractile vacuoles

Question 38

vacuole in plants

Answer 38

one large central vacuole

Question 39

- ATP production via cellular respiration (energy extraction process) - "powerhouse of the cell" - sausage-shaped organelle about the size of a bacterial cell - has its own set of circular DNA and may divide by simple fission

Answer 39

mitochondrion

Question 40

parts of the mitochondrion

Answer 40

1. outer membrane 2. intermembrane space 3. inner membrane folded into crista 4. matrix

Question 41

- a double phospholipid membrane that separates the inside of the mitochondria from the rest of the cell - helps define the inter-membrane space between itself and the mitochondrial inner membrane

Answer 41

mitochondrial outer membrane

Question 42

compartment accommodates many proteinaceous factors that play critical roles in mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, including the regulation of programmed cell death and energy conversion

Answer 42

intermembrane space

Question 43

- functional barrier to the passage of small molecules between the cytosol and the matrix - maintains the proton gradient that drives oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 43

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 44

- folds in the inner mitochondria membrane - folds increase the surface area of the inner membrane where energy production occurs.

Answer 44

Cristae

Question 45

- inner space surrounded by the mitochondrial inner membrane, which contains several proteins, such as enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid degradation, and other biochemical reactions

Answer 45

mitochondrial matrix

Question 46

- food production via photosynthesis (energy-storing process) - energy-capturing centers in photosynthetic eukaryotes - circular DNA; may divide by simple fission

Answer 46

chloroplast

Question 47

parts of the chloroplast

Answer 47

1. outer membrane 2. inner membrane 3. thylakoid sacs - granum 4. stroma

Question 48

site of photosynthesis

Answer 48

thylakoid

Question 49

stack of thylakoids

Answer 49

granum

Question 50

like that of mitochondria, contains porins and is therefore freely permeable to small molecules

Answer 50

outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope

Question 51

impermeable to ions and metabolites, which are therefore able to enter chloroplasts only via specific membrane transporters.

Answer 51

inner membrane of chloroplast

Question 52

other organelles

Answer 52

- plastids - glyoxysomes

Question 53

organelles containing pigments and food materials

Answer 53

plastids

Question 54

Three types of plastids based on pigments contained

Answer 54

1. chromoplasts 2. leucoplasts 3. chloroplasts

Question 55

- colored plastids containing carotenoids - present in fruits, flowers, and leaves

Answer 55

chromoplasts

Question 56

colorless plastids which store food materials

Answer 56

leucoplasts

Question 57

different types of leucoplasts

Answer 57

1. amyloplasts 2. aleuroplasts 3. elaioplasts

Question 58

store starch

Answer 58

amyloplasts

Question 59

store proteins

Answer 59

aleuroplasts

Question 60

store lipids

Answer 60

elaioplasts

Question 61

carotenoids in chloroplasts

Answer 61

- carotenes - xanthophylls

Question 62

green-colored plastids containing chlorophylls and carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls)

Answer 62

chloroplasts

Question 63

- microbodies that store and covert fats into carbohydrates - used in seed germination

Answer 63

glyoxysomes

Question 64

temporary, non-membranous structures in plants

Answer 64

ergastic substances

Question 65

ergastic substances inclusions

Answer 65

1. food reserves 2. secretory products 3. excretory products 4. mineral crystals

Question 66

food reserves in plants

Answer 66

- starch - protein - oil

Question 67

secretory products in plants

Answer 67

- nectar - pigment - enzymes

Question 68

excretory products in plants

Answer 68

- alkaloids - resins - latex - tannins

Question 69

mineral crystals in plants

Answer 69

- cystoliths - raphides - druses

Question 70

cystoliths

Answer 70

calcium carbonate

Question 71

raphides

Answer 71

calcium oxalate

Question 72

- supports the shape of the cell, anchors organelles, cell movement - dense network of protein fibers present in 3 different kinds

Answer 72

cytoskeleton

Question 73

Three differen tkinds of cytoskeleton

Answer 73

1. microfilaments 2. intermediate filaments 3. microtubules

Question 74

- structure and support in the cell - involved in separating cells during cell division, allowing for motility and changes in cell shape. - cell motility

Answer 74

microfilaments

Question 75

- function primarily as flexible intracellular tendons (analogous to nylon rope) - prevent excessive stretching of cells that are subjected to external or internal physical forces - provide internal guy-wire to resist pulling forces

Answer 75

Intermediate filaments

Question 76

- help support the shape of a cell - help chromosomes move during cell division - help small structures called cell organelles to move inside the cell.

Answer 76

Microtubules

Question 77

- anchor and assemble microtubules - give rise to spindle fibers during cell mitosis - found in animals but not in plants and fungi

Answer 77

centriole

Question 78

- cell movement - propel substances across a cell's surface - consists of microtubules - anchored in the cell by a basal body - short but numerous

Answer 78

cilium

Question 79

high speed locomotives that run along microtubular tracks in eukaryotic cells

Answer 79

- kinesin - dynein

Question 80

motor protein that moves vesicles to the cell's periphery

Answer 80

kinesin

Question 81

motor protein that moves vesicles to the cell's interior

Answer 81

dynein

Question 82

cellular junctions

Answer 82

1. occluding 2. anchoring 3. communicating

Question 83

command center of the cell

Answer 83

nucleus

Question 84

the nucleus contains the genetic material organized into __

Answer 84

chromosomes

Question 85

complex nucleoprotein material

Answer 85

chromatin

Question 86

parts of the nucleus

Answer 86

1. nuclear envelope 2. nuclear pore 3. nucleoplasm 4. nucleolus

Question 87

separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the structural framework of the nucleus.

Answer 87

nuclear envelope

Question 88

small channels in the nuclear membrane that facilitate the selective and directional transport of RNA and proteins between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of the cell

Answer 88

nuclear pore

Question 89

- type of protoplasm that is composed of thick fluid and constitutes chromatin fibres made up of DNA and usually found in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cells - fluid contains primarily water, dissolved ions, and a complex mixture of molecules.

Answer 89

Nucleoplasm

Question 90

- spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes - where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed.

Answer 90

nucleolus