Lesson 1: Origin and Importance of Cytogenetics

Question 1

it occurs among somatic cells or body cells

Answer 1

mitosis

Question 2

it is the study of normal and abnormal chromosomes based on their morphology, structure, arrangement, and numerical status?

Answer 2

Cytogenetics

Question 3

chromosomes each still composed of two chromatids move toward the opposite plate

Answer 3

Meiosis II Prophase II

Question 4

nucleosomes that are linked together by the DNA

Answer 4

Chromatin

Question 5

The sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as two individual chromosomes toward opposite poles.

Answer 5

Meiosis II Anaphase II

Question 6

Result of Meiosis

Answer 6

Four haploid cells

Question 7

process of linking of the replicated homologous chromosomes. The resulting chromosome is termed as tetrad

Answer 7

synapsis

Question 8

Main Components of Chromosomes

Answer 8

1. DNA
2. Histone Proteins (and non-histone proteins)
3. RNA
   (and polysaccharides)

Question 9

Mutations in the HBB gene can cause

Answer 9

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 10

Tetrads line up along the equator of the spindle

Answer 10

Meiosis I Metaphase I

Question 11

“Packages” that contain the DNA

Answer 11

chromosomes

Question 12

The cell “doublechecks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs

Answer 12

G2

Question 13

Its goal is to reduce chromosome number by half

Answer 13

Meiosis

Question 14

Similar to telophase of mitosis, except only one set of (replicated) chromosomes in each cell.

Answer 14

Meiosis I telophase I

Question 15

It is where a sex cells undergo a special type of cell division

Answer 15

meiosis

Question 16

basic repeating subunit of chromatin packaged inside the cell’s nucleus

Answer 16

nucleosomes

Question 17

four types of chromosome based on the location of the centromere

Answer 17

1. Metacentric
2. Sub-metacentric
3. Acrocentric
4. Telocentric

Question 18

composed of two chromatids from each chromosome

Answer 18

tetrad

Question 19

The kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to microtubules extending from opposite poles

Answer 19

Meiosis II Metaphase II

Question 20

Packaged DNA is referred to as

Answer 20

Chromatin

Question 21

The centromeres of each chromosome finally separate, and the sister chromatids come apart

Answer 21

Meiosis II Anaphase II

Question 22

Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell

Answer 22

S - Synthesis phase

Question 23

Parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information

Answer 23

cytokinesis

Question 24

short arm and long arm are separated by a primary constriction called

Answer 24

centromere

Question 25

Refers to the regular and repetitive physical and chemical process taking place within the cell.

Answer 25

cell cycle

Question 26

repeating unit of chromosomes

Answer 26

nucleosome

Question 27

Main protein of nucleosomes

Answer 27

Histone

Question 28

Purpose of cytokinesis in cell cycle

Answer 28

Cytoplasmic Division

Question 29

Histone proteins that are wrapped by the DNA helix

Answer 29

nucleosomes

Question 30

Resting phase in cell cycle

Answer 30

G0

Question 31

Chromosomes are located in

Answer 31

cell nucleus

Question 32

Common technique for chromosome staining

Answer 32

Giemsa (or Leishman) stain

Question 33

Sex cells are what kind of cells?

Answer 33

haploid cells

Question 34

Pairing of homologous chromosomes happens in

Answer 34

Meiosis I Prophase I

Question 35

Why does the chromosome needs to be visualized?

Answer 35

to count the number and determine the structure

Question 36

Centromeres remain intact

Answer 36

Meiosis I Anaphase I

Question 37

Cell cycle is simply ______

Answer 37

cell reproduction

Question 38

What are the Biogenetic Levels?

Answer 38

Level 1: Cell (nucleus) Level 2: Chromosome Level 3: Nucleic Acid (DNA) Level 4: Gene (DNA Segment) Cell -> Chromosome -> DNA

Question 39

chromatin fiber that are linked together

Answer 39

chromosome

Question 40

how many chromosome does a human has?

Answer 40

23 pairs or 46 chromosomes

Question 41

Cytoplasm divides through the action of ______, a fiber ring composed of protein

Answer 41

actin

Question 42

spool-like proteins where DNA is tightly wrapped/coiled around

Answer 42

Histones

Question 43

chromatids break and may be reattached to a different homologous chromosomes, producing chromosomes with new associations of genes

Answer 43

crossing-over

Question 44

Chromosome "arms"

Answer 44

"p" - short arm "q" - long arm

Question 45

Tetrads separate and are drawn to opposite poles by the spindle fibers

Answer 45

Meiosis I Anaphase I

Question 46

Mitosis divided into 5 substages:

Answer 46

1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

Question 47

Spindle fibers attach to the centromere region of each homologous chromosome pair

Answer 47

Meiosis I metaphase I

Question 48

Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated

Answer 48

G1

Question 49

a technique used to produce thin, alternating bands along the length of the entire chromosome that create unique patterns on each homologous set and allows for their identification

Answer 49

G-banding

Question 50

Under the microscope, chromosomes appear as:

Answer 50

thin, thread-like structures

Question 51

A spindle apparatus forms

Answer 51

Meiosis II Prophase II

Question 52

Cell Cycle

Answer 52

1. G0 – Cell cycle arrest 2. G1 – Gap 1 Phase 3. S – Synthesis Phase 4. G2 – Gap 2 Phase

Question 53

The physical location of a specific gene on a chromosome

Answer 53

Locus or loci

Question 54

Chromatids separate

Answer 54

Anaphase II

Question 55

Cell cycle arrest

Answer 55

G0

Question 56

Because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two sister chromatids of each chromosomes are ‘not’ identical

Answer 56

Meiosis II Metaphase II

Question 57

The chromosomes are positioned in the metaphase plate as in mitosis

Answer 57

Meiosis II Metaphase II

Question 58

Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously forming two haploid daughter cells

Answer 58

Meiosis I Telophase I