Under Lesson 1: Historical Timeline

Question 1

Archibald Garrod discovered that some diseases might be inherited

Answer 1

1902

Question 2

First draft sequences of the human genome are released at the same time by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics

Answer 2

2000

Question 3

Edmund Beecher Wilson and Nettie Stevens, working independently, proposed that certain chromosomes determine sex. They show that a single Y chromosome determines maleness, and two copies of the X chromosome determine femaleness

Answer 3

1905

Question 4

The Human Genome Project is launched

Answer 4

1990

Question 5

Kary Mullis discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), enabling lengths of DNA to be multiplied

Answer 5

1983

Question 6

William Johannsen used the term ‘gene’ to describe the carrier of heredity, ‘genotype’ to describe an organism’s genetic make-up, and ‘phenotype’ to describe an organism’s outward appearance

Answer 6

1909

Question 7

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty used bacteria to show that DNA is the hereditary material

Answer 7

1944

Question 8

The genome of H. influenzae is sequenced. This is the first complete genome of an organism

Answer 8

1995

Question 9

Alfred Henry Sturtevant mapped the genes on the fruit fly’s sex chromosomes

Answer 9

1911/1913

Question 10

Sutton and Boveri, working independently, suggested that each egg and sperm cell contains only one of each chromosome pair

Answer 10

1903

Question 11

Mendel’s work was rediscovered by three scientists: Hugo De Vries, Erich von Tschermack, and Carl Correns

Answer 11

1900/1901

Question 12

Gregor Mendel published his investigations into inheritance of pea plants

Answer 12

1865/1866

Question 13

Walter Sutton observed chromosomes in grasshopper cells

Answer 13

1900

Question 14

Bateson gave the term ‘genetics’

Answer 14

1906

Question 15

The first human gene is sequenced by Francis Collins and Lapchee Tsui. It is the gene that causes cystic fibrosis.

Answer 15

1989

Question 16

DNA from virus is sequenced for the first time by Frederick Sanger, Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam, working independently

Answer 16

1977

Question 17

Rebecca Cann, Mark Stoneking, and Allan Wilson analyze mitochondrial DNA in different human races. They declared that humans have a common ancestor who lived 200,000 years ago.

Answer 17

1987

Question 18

Frederick Griffith discovered ‘transformation’ in bacteria

Answer 18

1928

Question 19

Morgan published “The Theory of the Gene”

Answer 19

1926

Question 20

Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei work out the genetic code

Answer 20

1963-1966

Question 21

Sir William Henry Bragg and his son discover that X-rays can be used to study the molecular structure of simple crystals, such as salt

Answer 21

1912

Question 22

James Watson and Francis Crick proposed that DNA molecule is a double-stranded helix

Answer 22

1953

Question 23

Thomas Hunt Morgan proved that genes are carried on chromosomes. He also showed that some characteristics are carried on the sex chromosome

Answer 23

1910

Question 24

Cystic fibrosis became the first genetic disease to be treated using gene therapy.

Answer 24

1993

Question 25

The Human Genome Project is successfully completed on _______

Answer 25

April 14, 2003

Question 26

Erwin Chargaff finds the amounts of adenine and thymine in DNA are about the same, as area the amounts of guanine and cytosine

Answer 26

1949

Question 27

Theodor Boveri suggested that chromosomes are involved with inheritance

Answer 27

1890