Lesson 1: The Nature And Structure Of Organic Molecules

Question 1

Two most important persons to recognize that carbon (C) is tetravalent.

Answer 1

German chemist Kekule and Scottish chemist Couper

Question 2

This means that carbon can formm four covalent bonds with other atoms such as hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N).

Answer 2

Tetravalent

Question 3

________ having four valence electrons cannot bond easily with other atoms like that of carbon.

Answer 3

Silicon

Question 4

In the nature of carbon, it can form a ______, _______ and _________ with a wide array of organic substances.

Answer 4

Linear, branched and cyclic bonds

Question 5

Carbon can form a more _______________ if the carbon atom will have single, double and triple bonds.

Answer 5

Diverse molecular structure

Question 6

Who notion about the chemical inertness of the noble gases indicated a high degree of stability of the electron configuration of these elements.

Answer 6

Gilbert N. Lewis

Question 7

It is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule.

Answer 7

Lewis structure

Question 8

_____________ of a molecule happens when it acquire the complete (octet) eight electrons in the outer most shell of an atom.

Answer 8

Chemical bonding

Question 9

An atom becomes _____________ when it loses an electron.

Answer 9

Negatively charged (–)

Question 10

An atom becomes ______________ when it gains an electron.

Answer 10

Positively charged (+)

Question 11

Bond formed between atoms

Answer 11

Ionic bond

Question 12

When the two atoms shared their electrons it forms ___________.

Answer 12

Covalent bond

Question 13

The covalent bond can be polar if the electrons shared are ___________.

Answer 13

Not equal

Question 14

The covalent bond can be non polar if the electrons shared are __________.

Answer 14

Equal

Question 15

Classification of organic compounds

Answer 15

Hydrocarbons
Heterocatoms

Question 16

Organic compounds containing hydrogen and carbon.

Answer 16

Hydrocarbons

Question 17

Hydrocarbons are also classified into two, these are___________ and _________ composed of double or triple bonds.

Answer 17

Saturated and unsaturated

Question 18

Elements aside from carbon and hydrogen which is incorporated in organic compounds are called…..

Answer 18

Heteroatoms

Question 19

Most common heteroatoms

Answer 19

Oxygen, nitrogen and the halogens.

Question 20

Hydrocarbons, which contain only carbon and hydrogen are two types-the _______ and the _________.

Answer 20

Aliphatics and aromatics

Question 21

Belongs to the aliphatics are

Answer 21

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes; and
Their cyclic analogs

Question 22

Heteroatoms with halogens are

Answer 22

Organic halides
Alkyl and aryl halides

Question 23

Heteroatoms with oxygen

Answer 23

Alcohols
Phenols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic acids
Anhydrides
Esters

Question 24

Heteroatoms with nitrogen are

Answer 24

Amines
Amides
Amino acids

Question 25

Heteroatoms with sulfur are

Answer 25

Thiols Sulfides

Question 26

Greenhouse gas _________ is made up of hydrocarbons.

Answer 26

Methane

Question 27

Some applications of organic compounds that we encounter everyday.

Answer 27

Methane Fuel Vinegar Wine

Question 28

Types of organic molecules' reactions

Answer 28

Addition reaction Substitution reaction Elimination reaction Rearrangement reaction

Question 29

Another category, ________ and _________ may fall naturally into one of the four types of organic reactions.

Answer 29

Oxidation and reduction reaction

Question 30

Used in chemical reaction consists of a substrate and reagent.

Answer 30

Reactants

Question 31

Reactants are transformed into ________ under the proper reaction conditions.

Answer 31

Products

Question 32

It is the reactant that is acted upon or attacked by the reagent; it is the molecule which contains the carbon atoms to which bonds are broken and made.

Answer 32

Substrate

Question 33

The organic reactions such addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement is based on the........

Answer 33

Changes that occur in bonding to carbon atoms in the substrate

Question 34

It is a reaction that can be identified if there is an increase in the number of atoms or groups attached to a carbon(s) in the substrate.

Answer 34

Addition reaction

Question 35

In the addition reaction, each carbon atom in the unsaturated (double bond) substrate gets more atom resulting in a ____________.

Answer 35

Saturated product

Question 36

In ______________, an atom or a group of atoms is removed from the substrate, thus there's is a decrease in the number of atoms or groups attached to carbon.

Answer 36

Elimination reaction

Question 37

In elimination reaction, the substrate is transformed to a more _____________.

Answer 37

Unsaturated (single bond) product

Question 38

It is a reaction that characterized by the replacement of a functional group in a molecule or ion by another functional groups.

Answer 38

Substitution reaction

Question 39

A ________________ is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to hive a structural isomers of the original molecule.

Answer 39

Rearrangement reaction

Question 40

The most common type of reaction which is also found in the organic reactions are the __________ and __________.

Answer 40

Oxidation Reduction reaction

Question 41

Oxidation and reduction reaction are defined according to the increase or decrease in ________ or ________ content.

Answer 41

Oxygen Hydrogen

Question 42

A reaction that occurs when there is an increase in the oxygen content and/or a decrease in the hydrogen content of the substrate.

Answer 42

Oxidation reaction

Question 43

It is a reaction where there is an increase hydrogen content and/or a decrease in the oxygen content of the substrate.

Answer 43

Reduction reaction

Question 44

The _____________ is the step by step events by which a substrate is converted to products at a given set of conditions.

Answer 44

Reaction mechanism

Question 45

The order and breaking of bond are described including the bonds that is formed its relative rate by the action of the ___________.

Answer 45

Catalyst

Question 46

Formed in one step and then consumed in a later step of the reaction mechanism.

Answer 46

Reaction intermediates

Question 47

The slowest step in the mechanism is called the ___________ or __________.

Answer 47

Rate determining Rate-limiting step

Question 48

_________ are formed from the transformation of reactants and reagents.

Answer 48

Products

Question 49

When the covalent bond breaks, it can form either ________ or ________ cleavage when bond to carbon atom.

Answer 49

Homolytic Heterolytic

Question 50

For a __________ to carbon it can form carbon radical.

Answer 50

Homolytic bond

Question 51

It can be trivalent carbon anion, or carbanions or can be carbon cation or carbocations.

Answer 51

Heterolytic bond

Question 52

Reactants are classified into two, the substrate and reagents. The reagents have three types, what are these?

Answer 52

Nucleophilic Electrophilic Radical-like

Question 53

You should know the three types of reagents so that you will be able to identify type of __________ that will occur in a reaction.

Answer 53

Bond cleavage

Question 54

A reagent who loves electrons, they are consist of pairs of electrons that can be used for bond formation. They attack positively charged atoms or low electron density.

Answer 54

Nucleophilic reagents (nucleus loving) or nucleophiles

Question 55

It is a type of reagent that are electron deficient, capable of forming new bonds by accepting a pair of electrons, they attack negatively charged electrons or high electron density.

Answer 55

Electrophilic reagents (electron loving) or electrophiles

Question 56

This reagent have odd number of electrons which react easily and attack high electron density atoms.

Answer 56

Radical-like reagent