Lesson 10: Principles of Vaccination Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Immunity to a microbe is usually indicated by the presence of ________ to that organism
A
antibody
2
Q
The ability of the human body to tolerate the presence of material indigenous to the
body(“self”), and to eliminate foreign (“non-self”) material.
A
Immunity
3
Q
This discriminatory ability provides protection from infectious disease, since most microbes are identified as foreign by the immune system.
A
Immunity
4
Q
Example of Natural Active Immunity
A
Infection
5
Q
Example of Artificial Active Immunity
A
Vaccination
6
Q
Example of Natural Passive Immunity
A
Maternal antibodies
7
Q
Example of Artificial Passive Immunity
A
Monoclonal antibodies
8
Q
Infection is what type of immunity?
A
Natural Active Immunity
9
Q
Vaccination is what type of immunity?
A
Artificial Active Immunity
10
Q
Maternal antibodies is what type of immunity?
A
Natural Passive Immunity
11
Q
Monoclonal antibodies is what type of immunity?
A
Artificial Passive Immunity
12
Q
when vaccination of a portion of population (or herd) provides protection to unprotected individuals
A
Herd immunity (Community immunity)
13
Q
T/F: Higher number of immune individuals, the higher likelihood that a susceptible person will come in contact with an infectious agent.
A
False (lower)
14
Q
Provides an immunological barrier to the spread of disease in the human herd
A
Herd immunity (Community immunity)
15
Q
T/F: On-going immunization programme will keep the herd immunity at a very high level.
A
True
16
Q
Ways for acquiring active immunity
A
- Following clinical infection
- Following immunization with an antigen
17
Q
once an animal recover from infectious diseases, they may have lifelong immunity to that disease. E.g. chickenpox, canine parvovirus, and rinderpest
A
Following clinical infection
18
Q
Give examples of infectious diseases that may have lifelong immunity once an animal recover
A
chickenpox, canine parvovirus, and rinderpest
19
Q
Vaccines interact with the immune system and produce an immune response similar to that produced by the natural infection, but they do not subject the recipient to the disease and its potential complications.
A
Following immunization with an antigen
20
Q
it gives the animal body the means to defend itself against a biological
attack before it occurs
A
Immunization
21
Q
deffirentiate active immunization and passive immunization,
A
In active immunization, the process consists of stimulating the immune
system by means of a vaccines while avoiding the consequences associated with natural infection. In passive immunization, the process involves a transfer of antibodies, called immune globulins, from an immunized subject to a non
immunized one
22
Q
the process consists of stimulating the immune system by means of a known and controlled immunizing product (vaccines) while avoiding the consequences associated with natural infection
A
active immunization
23
Q
the process involves a transfer of antibodies, called immune globulins, from an immunized subject to a non immunized one
A
passive immunization
24
Q
is a biological product manufactured from a whole bacterium or virus
A
vaccine
25
capacity to induce an immune
response
immunogenicity
26
constituents of whole bacterium or virus from which the capacity to produce the disease is destroyed by various means, while the capacity to induce an immune response (immunogenicity) is preserved
polysaccharides, proteins or its products toxins
27
is the most effective medical strategy to control infectious diseases
Vaccination
28
ENUMERATE:
immunogenicity of a vaccine depends on a number of factors including:
1. antigen’s foreign source
2.morphology
3. chemical makeup
4. molecular mass
5. route of administration
6. use of adjuvants
29
are the most potent immunogenic substances
proteins
30
31
T/F: the greater the molecular mass, the more immunogenic the antigen will be
TRUE
32
T/F: Some vaccines made of polysaccharides with low molecular mass are conjugated to a protein to make them more immunogenic at a younger age.
TRUE
33
ENUMERATE:
Vaccine composition
1. Antigens that induce active immunity
2. Culture media
3. Suspending fluid
4. Preservatives or antibiotics
5. Stabilizers
6. Adjuvants
34
A vaccine may be:
monovalent
polyvalent
combination
35
A vaccine containing only one antigen
monovalent
36
A vaccine containing more than one antigen from one infectious agent
polyvalent
37
A vaccine Containing more than one antigen from more than one infectious agent
combination of monovalent and polyvalent
38
The ones used most frequently culture media are:
1. bovine proteins
2. chick embryo cells
3. embryonated chicken eggs
4. human diploid cells and yeasts
39
The final product of culture media may contain
trace proteins
40
Depending on the vaccine, the suspending fluid may vary from?
saline or sterile water to a more complex protein liquid
41
these prevent the growth of bacteria in the vaccine
Preservatives or antibiotics
42
The most common preservatives are
formaldehyde
phenol
2-phenoxyethanol
thimerosal
43
The most common antibiotics are
neomycin and polymyxin B
44
The most common stabilizers are
1. bovine albumin or bovine serum
2. human serum albumin
3. gelatin
4. glycine
5. lactose
6. sorbitol
7. sucrose
8. saccharose
45
they are used as surfactants to make products homogeneous
Polysorbates 20 or 80 (Tween 20 or 80)
46
Adjuvants are used to boost the immunizing power of the vaccine in order to obtain a better serological response and ensure more lasting immunity with few antigens and fewer doses.
Adjuvants
46
it act by prolonging the presence of antigens at the site of inoculation
Adjuvants
47
This allows an antigen to be released over a variable period of time and promotes
activations of the antigen presenting cells as well as production of cytokines.
Adjuvants
48
example of antigen presenting cells
dendritic cells and macrophages
49
Types of adjuvants:
1. Aluminum salts
2. Water-in-oil emulsion
3. Saponin-based adjuvants
4. Particulate adjuvants
5. Immunostimulatory adjuvants.
6. Combined adjuvants
50
When a vaccine contains aluminum salts (generally aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide), it must be administered via?
intramuscularly
50
example of aluminum salts
aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide
51
it stimulates a local, chronic inflammatory response, and as a result, a granuloma or abscess forms around the site of the inoculum. The antigen is slowly leached from the aqueous phase of the emulsion
light mineral oil / Water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant
52
selectively stimulate Th1 responses since they direct antigens into endogenous processing pathways and enhance IFN-γ release by dendritic cells
Saponin-based adjuvants
53
it activate inflammasomes.
saponins
54
Saponin is also employed as an adjuvant for what type of vaccines
FMD vaccines
Recombinant feline leukemia vaccines
55
successful adjuvants may incorporate antigens into readily phagocytosable particles
Particulate adjuvants
58
59
This adjuvant exert their effects
by promoting cytokine production through incorporation of complex microbial products designed to target specific PRRs
Immunostimulatory adjuvants
60
Very powerful adjuvants can be constructed by combining a particulate or depot adjuvant with an immunostimulatory agent.
Combined adjuvants
61
Example of a Combined Adjuvants
oil-based depot adjuvant mixed with killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis incorporated into the water-in-oil emulsion.
(The mixture is called Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA))
62
63
oil-based depot adjuvant mixed with killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis incorporated into the water-in-oil emulsion. What do you call this mixture?
Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)
64
Vaccine may be prepared from:
● Live modified organisms
● Inactivated or killed organisms
● Extracted cellular fractions
● Toxoid
● Combination of these
65
Prepared from live or wild organisms (modified in laboratory). These organisms lost their capacity to induce full disease but retain their immunogenicity. Stimulate the immune response but with no capacity to induce sign and symptoms
Live vaccines
66
These wild viruses or bacteria
are attenuated, or weakened, in a laboratory, usually by repeated culturing.
Live vaccines
67
More potent immunizing agents. Multiply in the host for a large antigenic dose. Have all
antigenic components.
Live vaccines
68
Contraindications for administering live vaccine:
Immunodeficient/immunocompromised animals
Pregnancy. There will be risk of multiplication, therefore the immune system can’t
control it.
Immunodeficient/immunocompromised animals
Pregnancy. There will be a risk of multiplication, therefore the immune system can’t control it.
69
Types of live vaccines:
1. Attenuated
2. Gene-deleted vaccines
3. Viral-vectored vaccines
70
will result in residual virulence and disease (reversion to virulence)
Underattenuation
71
will result in an ineffective vaccine
overattenuation
72
Molecular genetic techniques now make it possible to
modify the genes of an organism so that it becomes irreversibly attenuated.
Gene-deleted vaccines
73
Deliberate deletion of the genes that code for proteins associated with virulence is an increasingly attractive procedure.
Gene-deleted vaccines
74
Another way to produce a highly effective living vaccine is to insert the genes that encode protective antigens into an avirulent “vector” organism
Viral-vectored vaccines
75
These vaccines are created by deleting genes from the vector and
replacing them with genes coding for antigens from the pathogen. The recombinant vector is then administered as the vaccine, and the inserted genes express the
antigens when cells are infected by the vector virus.
Viral-vectored vaccines
76
are well-suited for use against organisms that are difficult or dangerous to grow in the laboratory
Virus-vectoredvvaccines
77
produce immunity in most recipients with one dose, other vaccine
need second dose
Live attenuated vaccines
78
are fragile and can be damaged or destroyed by heat and light.
They must be handled and stored carefully.
Live attenuated vaccines
79
Give examples of live bacterial and viral vaccines
● Viral vaccines: Canine Parvovirus and Distemper, New Castle Disease Vaccine
● Bacterial vaccines: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), Oral typhoid
80
Produced by growing the bacterium or virus in culture media, then inactivating it with heat
and/ or chemicals (usually formalin).
Inactivated or Killed Vaccines
81
Not alive and cannot replicate. Cannot cause disease from infection, even in an immunodeficient person.
Inactivated or Killed Vaccines
82
Always require multiple doses. In general, the first dose “primes” the immune system. A
protective immune response develops after the second or third dose
Inactivated or Killed Vaccines
83
Inactivated or Killed Vaccines are administered via?
subcutaneous or intramuscular route
84
Why Inactivated or Killed Vaccines not given orally?
it can’t cross the mucosal barrier
85
More stable. Transport cost much less than the live vaccine
Inactivated or Killed Vaccines
86
Contraindications of Inactivated or Killed Vaccines
Severe local or general reaction to a previous dose
87
Example of Inactivated or Killed Vaccines
Rabies and FMD vaccine
88
What are Live Vaccines
1. Prepared from live or wild organisms (modified in laboratory). These wild viruses or bacteria
are attenuated, or weakened, in a laboratory, usually by repeated culturing.
2. More potent immunizing agents.
3. Have all antigenic components.
4. Contraindicated to Immunodeficient/immunocompromised and Pregnant animals
5. Produce immunity in most recipients with one dose, other vaccine need second dose.
6. fragile and can be damaged or destroyed by heat and light.
7. They must be handled and stored carefully.
89
What are Inactivated or Killed Vaccines
1. Inactivating by heat and/or chemicals (usually formalin)
2. Not alive and cannot replicate.
3. Cannot cause disease from infection, even in an immunodeficient person.
4. Always require multiple doses.
5. Some inactivated vaccines may require periodic supplemental doses to increase, or “boost,” antibody titers.
6. Usually administered by SC or IM route.
7. Not given orally
8. More stable than live vaccine.
9. Transport cost much less than the live vaccine.
10. Contraindicated to animals with Severe local or general reaction to a previous dose.
90
Vaccine made of single or multiple antigenic components of a microorganism that are
capable of stimulating a specific immune response sufficient to protect from the relevant
pathogen infection or from the clinical manifestation of the disease
Subunit Vaccines
91
Example of Subunit Vaccines
Toxoids
Protein vaccines
Recombinant protein vaccines Polysaccharide-based vaccines Combinations
92
are highly efficacious and safe
toxoids
93
The toxins produced by these organisms are detoxicated and used in the preparation
of vaccines.
Toxoid
94
Stimulation of an antibody response against the surface polysaccharide of pathogenic bacteria is a strategy for the development of vaccines against capsulated bacteria. What type of vaccine?
Polysaccharide-based vaccines
95
Often serotype specific due to varying chemical structure or capsular
polysaccharides between different strains within a single species. Examples: S.
pneumoniae, Hib (Haemophilus influenza type B), and Salmonella
Polysaccharide-based vaccines
96
If more than one kind of immunizing agent is included in the vaccine it is called
mixed or combined vaccine
97
The aims of combined vaccines are to:
1. Simplify administration
2. Reduce costs
3. Minimize the number of contacts of the patient with the health system
4. Reducing the storage cost
98
99
Usually does not increase the risk of adverse reactions
Mixed or Combined Vaccines
100
Example of Mixed or Combined Vaccines
DHPPi
101
Route of administration of Vaccines
IM, SC, intradermal, oral, Intranasal, placebo, eyedrop, aerosol
102
is the path by which a vaccine is brought into contact with the
body
route of administration
103
This is a critical factor for success of the immunization
route of administration
104
Intranasal route are done when administering vaccines to what animal and diseases?
cattle - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
cats - feline rhinotracheitis
and calicivirus infections
poultry - infectious bronchitis and NCD
105
MINIMUM DURATION OF IMMUNITY FOR CANINE VACCINES: Distemper
7 years by challenge/15 years by serology
106
MINIMUM DURATION OF IMMUNITY FOR CANINE VACCINES: Parvovirus
7 years by challenge/ 7 years by serology
107
MINIMUM DURATION OF IMMUNITY FOR CANINE VACCINES: Adenovirus
7 years by challenge/ 9 years by serology
108
MINIMUM DURATION OF IMMUNITY FOR CANINE VACCINES: Canine rabies
3 years by challenge/ 7 years by serology
109
continues to be the only safe, reliable, and effective way of protecting animals against the major infectious diseases
Vaccination
110
A system of storage and transport of vaccines at low temperature from the manufacturer to the actual vaccination site. it’s Important to avoid the “vaccine failure” The success of national immunization programme is highly dependent on supply chain system for delivery of vaccines
and equipment, with a functional system that meets 6 rights of supply chain
The “Cold Chain”
111
6 rights of supply chain
The right vaccine in the right quantity at the right place at the right time in the right condition (no temperature breaks in cold chain) and at the right cost.
112
Vaccination failure
**Compliance issue:**
1. Inappropriate dose or route of administration
2. Death of live vaccines
**Immunization Program Issue:**
(Animal Responds)
1. Vaccine given too late, animal already infected
2. Wrong strain or organism used
3. Non-protective antigen used
(Animal fails to responds)
1. Prior passive immunization
2. Animal immunosuppressed
3. Biological variation
113
Passive immunization in animals
Polyclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
114
involves the production of antibodies in one animal by active immunization and transfer to another
Passive immunization
115
The transfer of maternal antibody to offspring via the ______ or _______ is
the natural (and very important) form of passive immunization.
placenta
colostrum
116
Immune globulins may be produced in what animals and diseases?
cattle against anthrax
dogs against distemper virus
cats against panleukopenia virus
117
is given to animals to confer immediate protection against tetanus
Tetanus immune globulin
118
__________ IU of immune globulin should be given to horses and cattle; at least __________ IU to calves, sheep, goats, and pigs; and at least ______ IU to dogs.
1,500–3,000 IU
500 IU
250 IU
119
Tetanus immune globulin is of little use once clinical signs appear, although massive doses of up to __________ IU may help.
300,000 IU
120
Homogeneous antibodies that react to a single epitope now can be generated through the use of cloned cell lines called
hybridomas
121
Whereas the earliest monoclonal antibodies were made by _________ (and thus consist of mouse antibodies)
mouse hybridomas
122
Example of monoclonal antibodies
caninized monoclonal anti-interleukin-31
123
A monoclonal antibodies that may be used to block itching dogs with atopic dermatitis.
caninized monoclonal anti-interleukin-31
