Lesson 13-14a Part 1 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
Slides 1-53 (207 cards)
1
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respiratory system
A
organ system that takes in air and expels it from the body
2
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respiration
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refers to ventilation of the lungs (breathing)
3
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functions of the respiratory system part 1 (5)
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- gas exchange
- communication
- olfaction
- acid/base balance
- blood pressure regulation
4
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functions of the respiratory system part 2 (4)
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- blood and lymph flow
- platelet production
- blood filtration
- expulsion of abdominal contents
5
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functions of the respiratory system: gas exchange
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O2 and CO2 exchanges between blood and air
6
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functions of the respiratory system: communicaiton
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speech and other vocalization
7
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functions of the respiratory system: olfaction
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sense of smell
8
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functions of the respiratory system: acid/base balance
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influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
9
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functions of the respiratory system: blood pressure regulation
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assists with synthesis of angiotensin II
10
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angiotensin II
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a hormone that regulates blood pressure
11
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functions of the respiratory system: blood and lymph flow
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breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen that promote flow of lymph and blood
12
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functions of the respiratory system: platelet production
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more than half of platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the lungs (not bone marrow)
13
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functions of the respiratory system: blood filtration
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lungs filter small clots
14
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functions of the respiratory system: expulsion of abdominal contents
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breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, and childbirth
15
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principal organs of the respiratory system (6)
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- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
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conducting zone
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passage that serve only for airflow (no gas exchange)
17
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the conducting zone is through…
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nostrils through major bronchioles
18
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respiratory zone
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region that participate in gas exchange
19
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the respiratory zone is through…
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alveoli and nearby structures
20
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upper respiratory tract
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airway from nose through larynx
21
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lower respiratory tract
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regions from trachea through lungs
22
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functions of the nose (3)
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- warms, celeanses, and humidifies inhaled air
- detects odors
- serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
23
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the nose extends from..
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the nostril to posterior nasal apertures
24
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nostrils aka
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nares
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posterior nasal apertures aka
choanae
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the facial part of the nose is shaped by _____ and _____ cartilage
bone, hyaline
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nasal septum
divides nasal cavity into right and left nasal fossae
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vestibule
small, dilated chamber just inside nostrils
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the vestibule is lined with...
stratified squamous epithelium
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guard hairs (vibrissae)
stiff hairs that block insects and debris from entering the nose
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the chamber behdin vestibule occupied by three folds of tissue called...
superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates) that project from lateral walls toward septum
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meatus
narrow air passage beneath each concha
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_____ and _____ ensure the most air contact mucous membrane to clean, warm , and moisten the air
narrowness, turbulence
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nasal mucosa is covered by...
respiratory epithelium
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respiratory epithelium is..
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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ciliated cells
have motile cilia that propel the mucus posteriorly toward the pharynx to be swallowed
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goblet cells
produce most of the mucus, supplemented by mucous glands in lamina propria
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olfactory epithelium
involved in the sense of smell
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where is the olfactory epithelium?
located at the roof of each nasal fossa
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the olfactory epithelium contains what kind of cells? that do what?
immobile cilia that bind odorant molecule
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olfactory glands secrete...to assist...
serous fluid to assist diffusion of order molecules to receptors on the cilia
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pharynx
muscular funnel extending from the posterior nasal apertures to the larynx
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three regions of the pharynx
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
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nasopharynx
posterior nasal apertures and above the soft palate
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the nasopharynx contains...(2)
auditory tubes and contains the pharyngeal tonsil
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oropharynx
space between soft palate and epiglottis
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laryngopharynx
posterior to larynx, from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
48
where does the esophagus begin?
the laryngopharynx
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larynx
cartilaginous chamber functioning to keep food and drink out of the airway
50
what is commonly called the 'voice box'?
the larynx
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epiglottis
flap of tissue that guards superior opening of the larynx
52
at rest, how is the epiglottis positioned?
almost vertically
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during swallowing, how does the larynx move?
extrinsic muscles pull the larynx upwards
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during swallowing, how does the epiglottis move?
the tongue pushes it down to meet the larynx
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what do the larynx and epiglottis function together to do?
closes airways and directs food to esophagus behind it
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_____ folds of the larynx play greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway
vestibular
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_____ cartilages make up the framework of larynx
nine
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first three cartilages of the larynx
1. epiglottic cartilage
2. thyroid cartilage
3. cricoid cartilage
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epiglottic cartilage
most superior; spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis
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thyroid cartilage
shield-shaped and largest cartilage
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where is the laryngeal prominence?
the thyroid cartilage
- aka Adam's apple
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why is the laryngeal prominence larger in men?
testosterone stimulates the growth
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cricoid cartilage
ring-shaped that connects the larynx to trachea
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two folds of the larynx
vestibular and vocal
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vestibular folds
play no role in speech but close the larynx during swallowing
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the vestibular folds are supported by...
vestibular ligaments
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vocal folds (vocal cords)
produce sound when air passes between them
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the vocal cords contain...
vocal ligaments
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vocal ligaments
suited to endure vibration and contact
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vocal ligaments are covered with...
stratified squamous epithelium
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glottis
the vocal cords and the opening between them
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extrinsic muscles
superficial layer of muscles connecting the larynx to the hyoid bone
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what is the function of the extrinsic muscles?
elevate the larynx during swallowing
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intrinsic muscles
abduct or adduct vocal cords, depending on direction of rotation
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when are high pitched sounds produced by the intrinsic muscle?
air is forced between the adducted (taut) cords
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when are low pitched sounds produced by intrinsic muscles?
occurs when the cords are more slack
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adult male vocal cords, when compared to female cords...(3)
- usually longer and thicker
- vibrate more slowly
- produce lower-pitched sound
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how is loudness determined?
by the force of air passing between the vocal cords
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vocal cords produce crude sounds that are formed into words by the actions of...(4)
- pharynx
- oral cavity
- tongue
- lips
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trachea
tube that connects larynx to bronchi
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what is commonly called the windpipe?
trachea
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where is the trachea located?
anterior to the esophagus
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how is the trachea supported?
16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
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what do the tracheal cartilage do?
prevent collapse during inhalation
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openings in the tracheal cartilage rings faces _____ toward the esophagus
posteriorly
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what do the openings in the tracheal cartilage do?
allows the esophagus to expand as swallowed food passes by
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what muscle spans the openings in the rings?
trachealis
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what is the function of the trachealis?
contracts (parasym) or relaxes (sym) to adjust airflow
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carina
lowest tracheal cartilage with an internal median ridge
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the trachea is lined by...
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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the trachea has these three types of cells
mucus-secreting, ciliated, and stem cells
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mucociliary escalator
mechanism for debris removal; mucus traps inhaled particles, and upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed
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tracheotomy
to make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow
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what does a tracheotomy prevent?
asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction
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potential problems of a tracheotomy include: (3)
- inhaled air bypasses the nasal cavity and is not humidified
- if left for too long, will dry out mucous membranes
- became encrusted and interfere with clearance of mucus from the tract, thereby promoting infection
96
intubation
when a patient is on a ventilator, air is introduced directly into the trachea
97
what must happen to air being used in a intubation?
must be filtered and humidified to prevent respiratory tract damage
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lung
a conical organ
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base of the lung
broad, concave portion resting on the diaphragm
100
apex of the lung
tip that projects above the clavicle
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costal surface of the lungs
pressed against the ribcage
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mediastinal surface of the lungs
faces medially toward the heart
103
the hilum of the lung
slit through which the lungs receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
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structures near the hilum constitute the _____ of the lung
root
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which lung has greater volume?
the right lung
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why is the right lung shorter than the left?
because the liver rises higher on the right
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three lobes of the right lung
superior, middle, and inferior lobes
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horizontal fissure
separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung
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oblique fissure
separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung
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why is the left lung tall and narrow?
the heart tilts toward the left and occupies more space on this side
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cardiac impression
indentation to accommodate the heart in the left lung
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two lobes of the heart
superior and inferior lobes
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what are the two lobes of the left lung separated by?
a single oblique fissure
114
bronchial tree
a branching system of air tubes in each lung
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which main bronchus is wider and more vertical?
the right
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which bronchus has aspirated foreign object lodged in it more commonly?
the right
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each bronchial tree extends from the _____ bronchus to ______ bronchioles
main, terminal
118
each main bronchi are divided into...
lobar (secondary) bronchi
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a lobar bronchus serves...
each lobe of each lung
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the left main bronchus gives off two branches...
superior and inferior lobar bronchi
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the right main bronchus gives off three branches...
superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi
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lobar bronchi branch into...
segmental (tertiary) bronchi
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how many segmental bronchi are in the right lung?
10
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how many segmental bronchi are in the left lung?
8
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what are the main bronchi support by?
rings of hyaline cartilage
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the hyaline cartilage supporting the main bronchi transition into...
crescent-shaped plates in the lobar and segmental bronchi
127
all bronchi are lined with...
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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cells grow shorter and the epithelium of the lungs thinner as you progress towards the _____
bronchioles
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mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
lamina propria with an abundance of mucous glands and lymphoid nodules
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all divisions of the bronchial tree have large amounts off....
elastic connective tissue
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what does the elastic connective tissue of the bronchial tree contribute to?
recoil during respiration
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the mucosa has a well-developed layer of smooth muscle called the....
muscularis mucosae
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muscularis mucosae
contracts or relaxes to constrict or dilate the airway regulating air flow
134
bronchodilation
increase in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole
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_____ and _____ stimulation increase airflow
epinephrine, sympathetic
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bronchioconstriction
decrease in diameter of bronchus or bronchioles
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what decreases airflow? (4)
- histamine
- parasympathetic nerves
- cold air
- chemical irritants
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bronchioles
continuations of the airway that lack supportive cartilage and are 1mm or less in diameter
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pulmonary lobule
portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole
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bronchioles have these two things
- ciliated cuboidal epithelium
- well-developed layer of smooth muscle
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each bronchiole branches into 50-80...
terminal bronchioles
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what are the final branches of the conducting zone?
terminal bronchioles
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terminal bronchioles lack...(2)
mucous glands and goblet cells
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terminal bronchioles move mucous by...
cilia that move it by the mucociliary escalator
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terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller _____ _____
respiratory bronchioles
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respiratory bronchioles have _____ budding from their walls
alveoli
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what is considered the beginning of the respiratory zone? why?
respiratory bronchioles because their alveoli participate in gas exchange
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each respiratory bronchiole divides into 2-10 _____ _____
alveolar ducts
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alveolar ducts
elongated, thin-walled passages with alveoli along their walls
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alveolar ducts end in _____ _____
alveolar sacs
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alveolar sacs
clusters of alveoli around an atrium (central space)
152
alveoli
microscopic air pouches in the lungs, each about .2-.5 mm in diameter
153
cells of alveoli (2)
- squamous (type I) alveolar cells
- great (type II) alveolar cells
- alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
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squamous (type I) alveolar cells
thin cells that allow rapid gas diffusion between air and blood
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what cell type covers 95% of alveolar surface area?
squamous (type i) alveolar cells
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great (type II) alveolar cells
cuboidal cells that cover the remaining 5% of alveolar surfaces
157
what do great alveolar cells do?
repair the alveolar epithelium when squamous cells are damaged
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what do type II alveolar cells secrete?
pulmonary surfactant
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pulmonary surfactant (2)
- mixture of phospholipids and proteins that coats the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing during exhalation
- reduced surface tension of the alveoli
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what is the most numerous cell in the lungs?
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
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what happens to dust cells after phagocytizing dust particles?
they ride up the mucociliary escalator to be swallowed and digested with their debris
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alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles
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where do alveolar macrophages wander?
lumens of alveoli and connective tissue between them
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respiratory membrane
thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood
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each alveolus is surrounded by..
a basket of capillaries supplied by the pulmonary artery
166
three layers of the respiratory membrane
1. squamous alveolar cells
2. endothelial cells of blood capillaries
3. their shared basement membranes (between the alveolar cells and capillary endothelium)
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lungs receive both ____ and ____ blood supplies
pulmonary, systemic
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pulmonary circuit pathway (5)
pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries --> lobar arteries --> capillaries surrounding alveoli --> pulmonary veins
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what does the pulmonary circuit serve to do? (2)
(1) unload CO2 from blood so it can be exhaled and (2) pick up O2 from inhaled air
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where does gas exchange occur?
the respiratory membrane
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systemic blood supply to the lungs includes (2)
- bronchial arteries
- bronchial veins
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bronchial arteries
arise from aorta, supply lung tissue with blood
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bronchial veins
drain blood from the lungs to the azygos vein of the thorax
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right to left shunt (lungs)
some bronchial venous blood mixes with pulmonary venous blood, diluting the O2 content somewhat before it reaches the left atrium
175
why is it important to prevent fluid build up in the lungs?
gasses diffused too slowly through liquid to sufficiently aerate the blood
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how do the lungs prevent fluid build up? (3)
- alveoli are kept dry by lower blood pressure in capillaries
- reabsorption overrides filtration and keeps alveoli free of excess fluid
- lungs have more extensive lymphatic drainage than any other organ in the body
177
pleura
serous membrane that lines the thoracic wall and forms the surface of the lung
178
visceral pleura
forms the surface of the lung
179
parietal pleura
adhere to the mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm
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pleural cavity
potential space between pleurae
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is there normally space between the membranes of the pleura?
no, but it contains a film of slippery pleural fluid
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pleural effusion
pathological seepage of fluid in the pleural cavity
183
causes of pleural effusion (3)
- congestive heart failure
- pneumonia
- pulmonary embolism
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functions of pleurae and pleural fluid (3)
1. reduce friction
2. creation of a pressure gradient
3. compartmentalization
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functions of pleurae and pleural fluid: reduced friction
allows lungs to move with minimal friction
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functions of pleurae and pleural fluid: creation of a pressure gradient
pressure gradient to assist with lung inflation
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functions of pleurae and pleural fluid: compartmentalization
prevents spread of infection from one organ in the mediastinum to others
188
breathing is a repetitive cycle of _____ and _____
inspiration, expiration
189
respiratory cycle
one complete breath, inspiration and expiration
190
quiet respiration
breathing while at rest, effortless and automatic
191
forced respiration
deep or rapid breathing, such as during exercise or playing an instrument
192
flow of air in and out of lungs depends on...
a pressure difference between air within the lungs and outside the body
193
respiratory muscles do what?
change lung volume and create differences in pressure relative to the atmosphere
194
principal muscles of respiration (2)
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
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who is the prime mover of respiration?
the diaphragm
196
what happens when the diaphragm contracts? (2)
- flattens the diaphragm
- enlarges the thoracic cavity and pulls air into the lungs
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what happens when the diaphragm relaxes? (2)
- allows diaphragm to bulge upward again
- compresses the lungs and pushes air out
198
what accounts for two-thirds of airflow?
the diaphragm
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what assists the diaphragm in respiration?
internal and external intercostal muscles
200
what contribute to the enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage during respiration?
internal and external intercostal muscles
201
what contributes to the remaining third of airflow in the lungs?
internal and external intercostal muscles
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accessory muscles of respiration act mainly in _____ respiration
forced
203
deep inspiration also uses these muscles (4)
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenes
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
204
normal quiet inspiration uses...(2)
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
205
normal quiet expiration uses...(2)
- nothing
- energy saving passive process achieved by the elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage
206
forced expiration uses these muscles (2)
- rectus abdominis
- internal intercostals
207
forced expiration (2)
(1) greatly increased abdominal pressure pushing viscera up against the diaphragm, (2) increasing thoracic pressure, forcing air out
