Lesson 13: The Value Of Relict And Active Glaciated Landscapes

Question 1

Define cultural value

Answer 1

Relates to the ideas and behaviour of society

Question 2

Define environmental value

Answer 2

Biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) things around us

Question 3

Examples under cultural value

Answer 3

Spiritual and religious isnpiration
Leisure and recreation opportunities
Native people with distinctive cultures
Scientific research i.e. core analysis

Question 4

Examples of environmental value

Answer 4

Water cycling
Climate control
Carbon cycling
Weather system control
Fragile ecosystems
Carbon sequestration
Genetic diversity

Question 5

Greenland population density?

Answer 5

0.14 people per km2

Question 6

% of Greenland population who are Inuit?

Answer 6

80%

Question 7

% of greenland poplaution of European descent?

Answer 7

12%

Question 8

% of global ice mass in Greenland?

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

Which organisation reported the loss in ice mass in Greenland in 2014?

Answer 9

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Question 10

How much has the average rate of ice loss in the Greenland ice sheet increased by, between which years?

Answer 10

34 Gt in 1992-2001 to 215 Gt in 2002-2011

Question 11

How much did the Greenland ice sheet contribute to sea level rise between 1993-2010?

Answer 11

0.33mm per year

Question 12

If the whole of the Greenland ice sheet melted it would cause how much rise to sea levels?

Answer 12

7m

Question 13

What cities would flood as a result of the Greenland ice sheet melting?

Answer 13

Boston, LA, London, NYC, Shanghai

Question 14

Which countries would disappear if the Greenland ice sheet melted?

Answer 14

Bangladesh and Maldives

Question 15

What characteristic does ice have which affects and regulates climate?

Answer 15

High albedo

Question 16

How would this characteristic change with increased melting?

Answer 16

Reduced ice mass means reduced surface albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed, further increasing temperatures - positive feedback loop

Question 17

How do Greenlandic Inuit's use the landscape and resources?

Answer 17

Hunting, fishing and herding

Question 18

How have environmental groups affected the Inuit way of life?

Answer 18

Hunting limits on most species, and the loss of sea ice is reducing hunting grounds

Question 19

How is the Greenland ice sheet useful to scientists?

Answer 19

Unique record of the Earth's climate history - made up of layers of snow and ice, with trapped gases, dust, pollen, and water molecules

Question 20

Economic benefit of meltwater?

Answer 20

Hydroelectric power
Valuable deposits of oil, gas, metals and minerals

Question 21

What could open up as the changing climate causes sea ice retreat?

Answer 21

New commercial shipping routes

Question 22

Example of new trade route?

Answer 22

Northwestern Passage

Question 23

Environmental impacts to the Greenland ice sheet?

Answer 23

Marine pollution
Overfishing
Discharge of ballast water may introduce invasive species
Intensive mining - pollution

Question 24

When and where did a protest occur by conservationists in Greenland after a reverse on a ban of radioactive uranium mining?

Answer 24

2014
Capital Nuuk

Question 25

What was found in polar bears which makes their future uncertain?

Answer 25

POPs (persistent organic pollutants) Impair ability to reproduce

Question 26

Political tensions in the Arctic? When?

Answer 26

2007 Russia placed a flag on the seabed to claim the area - tensions with other Arctic nations like Denmark and Canada

Question 27

Example of periglacial landscape

Answer 27

Yamal Peninsular, Russia

Question 28

Temperatures in the Yamal Peninsular?

Answer 28

Lowest of -50 degrees

Question 29

How deep is permafrost in Yamal Peninsular?

Answer 29

Up to 300m deep

Question 30

Nomadic people in the Yamal?

Answer 30

Nenets - nomadic reindeer herders

Question 31

Environmental value of Yamal?

Answer 31

Migratory habitat for birds in the summer Large-scale carbon sink Stores methane in permafrost

Question 32

Cultural value of Yamal to the Nenets?

Answer 32

Use reindeer for transport, clothing, hides for tents, meat and income - all used sustainably Migrate seasonally to avoid cold temps. and prevent overgrazing

Question 33

How many Nenets does reindeer herding support?

Answer 33

10 000

Question 34

How many reindeer do the Nenets herd?

Answer 34

300 000 domesticated reindeer

Question 35

How much of the Yamal is owned by herders?

Answer 35

80%

Question 36

Why are the herders unable to compete economically?

Answer 36

World's largest gas reserve beneath

Question 37

% of gas reserves below?

Answer 37

25%

Question 38

What was discovered in the Yamal in July 2014?

Answer 38

Large sinkholes

Question 39

What area of the Yamal was destroyed by gas infrastructure constructed?

Answer 39

Pasture on the Bovanenkovo gas field

Question 40

What is the Yamal now part of and being developed by?

Answer 40

Part of the Yamal megaproject Gazprom

Question 41

How many km of railway are to be built in the Yamal?

Answer 41

572 km

Question 42

How many herders have been evicted by developing infrastructure?

Answer 42

160 reindeer herders

Question 43

How does farming provide economic value to glaciers?

Answer 43

In developing country’s, mountainous regions suffer from limitations in transport links, access to essential supplies and markets and employment opportunities. The highlands are largely inhabited by indigenous communities who gain their living from subsistence farming

Question 44

% of people in Bolivia living in High Andes?

Answer 44

70%

Question 45

% of GDP those earn who live in High Andes?

Answer 45

30%

Question 46

% in Bolivia below the poverty line?

Answer 46

60%

Question 47

Where do the indigenous people live in the High Andes?

Answer 47

Altiplano

Question 48

Farming in developed countries to provide economic value?

Answer 48

Agriculture in upland glaciated regions is primarily pastoral (livestock) because of the above-average precipitation, rugged terrain with steep slopes and stony, shallow soils, which together make growing crops very difficult

Question 49

How does tourism provide economic value to glaciers?

Answer 49

Visitors attracted to the spectacular scenery of both present-day and relict glaciated landscapes. A huge range of year-round, outdoor activities are possible in Alpine landscapes such as hill walking, climbing, mountaineering and skiing

Question 50

Name some areas affected by tourism increasing?

Answer 50

Swiss Alps, Everest, Alaska, Greenland, Arctic and Antarctic etc

Question 51

How does forestry provide economic value to glaciers?

Answer 51

Upland areas are being used increasingly for forestry due to the difficulty to use the land for hill farming

Question 52

Where is forestry notable in this case?

Answer 52

UK - use of non-native, quick growing conifers like Sitka spruce used for soft-timber wood ad paper

Question 53

How does mining and quarrying provide economic value to glaciers?

Answer 53

-Glacial erosion removes regolith (loose overlying soil) and vegetation to expose economically valuable rocks - mined as many are igneous or metamorphic rocks -In lowland areas, outwash deposits from the Pleistocene Ice Sheets provide a source of sand and gravel for the building industry - concrete

Question 54

How does hydroelectricity provide economic value to glcaiers?

Answer 54

Major use of water derived from glaciers

Question 55

Countries which source 90% of HEP from glaciers?

Answer 55

Norway and New Zealand

Question 56

How many HEP stations in Switzerland?

Answer 56

500

Question 57

% electricity from HEP in Switzerland?

Answer 57

70%

Question 58

Where can 'micro-hydros' revolutionise the quality of life for villages?

Answer 58

Nepal and Bolivia