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Lesson 15: Threats Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of natural threats?

A

Landslides/debris slides
Rockfall
Glacial outburst floods
Avalanches

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2
Q

Examples of human threats?

A

Leisure and tourism
Reservoir construction
Urbanisation

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3
Q

Define avalanche?

A

An avalanche exists where sheer stress exceeds sheer strength of a mass of snow located on a slope

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4
Q

How many deaths from avalanches a year?

A

200

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5
Q

Where do most avalanche deaths occur?

A

Alps and Rockies

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6
Q

Define glacial outburst flood

A

A powerful flood caused by the sudden discharge of a subglacial or ice moraine dammed lake

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7
Q

How many visitors a year does Zermatt, Switzerland attract?

A

2 million

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8
Q

What can the population be in Zermatt at the height of the ski season?

A

35 000

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9
Q

How does tourism act as a threat?

A

Creates a huge demand for energy and water and threatens environmental degradation due to urbanisation, increased noise and vehicle emissions and the expansion of ski areas

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10
Q

% of fresh water stored in glcaiers?

A

69%

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11
Q

How many glaciers in Chinese Tibetan Plateau?

A

37 000

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12
Q

How many rely on water from these glaciers?

A

2 billion people

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13
Q

How many reservoirs does China want to build?

A

59

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14
Q

Impact to environment from dam and reservoir construction?

A

Requires intense, heavy machinery and the clearing of land as well as irreversible damage to wildlife

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15
Q

How does urbanisation threaten the glacial environment?

A

-Settlements in polar regions tend to be surrounded by nothing and tend to be built for resource exploitation purposes including whaling, mining and fishing
-Issues with pollution and toxic waste

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16
Q

Cause of glacial outburst floods in Iceland?

A

Volcanic activity generates both meltwater beneath glaciers and acts as a trigger for ice instability and sudden release of meltwater

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17
Q

Where does the heat come from in Iceland? Which ice cap does it affect?

A

Heat fromGrimsvotn volcano
Beneath Vatnajokull ice cap

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18
Q

Discharge of ice cap in Iceland?

A

0.5-3.5 km3 every 3-6 years

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19
Q

Eruption in 1996 saw an ash plume of how high?

A

10 km

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20
Q

Cost of damage to infrastructure in Iceland?

A

$15 million

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21
Q

How is Zermatt ski resort sustainable?

A

Town is car-free, only electric buses or taxis as transport, use of solar and geothermal energy on buildings, waste water collected and purified for reuse for sanitation

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22
Q

% of slopes claimed to be repaired in Zermatt with vegetation?

A

85%

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23
Q

How much is invested into environmental projects in Zermatt each year?

A

1 million Swiss Francs

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24
Q

How many protected forests and designated wildlife sanctuaries does Zermatt have?

A

6 forests
10 sanctuaries

25
Proposal to build a tower on Klein Matterhorn height and concerns?
4000m high Concern for further degradation of the natural landscape
26
How many car spaces in 2010 proposal for a new car park? Which environmental groups got involved?
2000 spaces WWF and Pro Natura
27
Amount of forest that would have to be removed for car park?
9000 m2
28
4 human activities affecting the Lake District?
Soil erosion Deforestation Trampling Landslides
29
What is the Lake District an example of?
Relict Glaciated Landscape
30
Miles of footpath in the Lake District?
2000 miles
31
Number of tourists who visit the Lake District every year?
16 million tourists
32
How is footpath erosion occurring in the Lake District?
Activities such as walking, climbing and camping
33
How does footpath erosion destroy the environment?
-Destroy vegetation and compact soil, which reduces infiltration rate -Exposed soil is more easily washed away by heavy rain -Gullies may form, which channel even more water and cause further erosion -Walkers try to avoid badly eroded sections of footpath - inevitably end up widening them
34
How much did visitors spend in the Lake District in 2014?
£1.1 billion
35
How many jobs does the LD Park provide?
16,000 jobs
36
What theory does the LD support?
Multiplier effect
37
Year an aqueduct was connected between Thirlmere and Manchester?
1894
38
How long is the aqueduct?
96 miles
39
% of land used in the fell tops in LD?
60%
40
Height of the fell tops in LD?
600m high
41
% of land use in lower slopes? Use?
30% Raising sheep for wool and lamb - autumn and spring
42
% of land used on the flat valley floor? Use?
10% Growing crops, shearing and cattle
43
What is Sagarmatha National Park an example of?
Active Glaciated Landscape
44
Famous landmark in Sagarmatha?
Mt. Everest
45
Number of Sherpa people in Sagarmatha?
6000
46
Number of people who visited Sagarmatha in 2014?
37 000
47
Height of Mt. Everest?
8848 m
48
Causes of deforestation in Sagarmatha?
Farming Use of firewood as fuel Clearing forested areas to build roads, reservoirs
49
% of Nepalese forests remaining?
30%
50
Consequences of reduced Nepalese forestry?
-Loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity -Erosion of exposed soils leading to infertile soil as nutrients are washed away. -Increased risk of landslides -Disruption of the water cycle
51
% of Sherpa who are Buddhist?
93%
52
Cultural significance of Everest to Sherpa?
-Worshipped as part of Buddhist beliefs - caves, forests and mountains -Restricted hunting and respect for all living things
53
Number to reach Everest Summit?
6000
54
% of those to reach summit who were guided clients?
90%
55
Issues with the number of people now paying thousands to climb everest?
Polluting camps with litter, abandoned equipment and human waste
56
What is being called for to reduce effects of the number of tourists on Everest?
-Limit the number of permits given to climbers each year -Restrict group sizes to reduce dangerous traffic jams - particularly at the Hillary Step -Insist all guides are qualified
57
% glaciers around Everest shrunk by in last 50 years up to 2013?
13%
58
How much has the snow line around Everest shrunk by in the last 50 years up to 2013?
180m

Geography (74 decks)

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