LESSON 2 Flashcards
He used the Bible to calculate that the earth was created in 4004 BC
Archbishop Ussher in 1650
He believed that the earth must be extremely old because he recognized that natural selection and evolution required vast amounts of time
Charles Darwin in the mid-19th century
It was not until the discovery of ____ began to put a timescale on the history of the earth.
radioactivity
____ often contain heavy radioactive
elements which decay over a long periods of
time, the decay is unaffected.
Rocks
By the physical and chemical conditions and different elements ____ at different rates (these rates are slow and half –lives of several hundred million years are not uncommon) that scientists could give an actual estimate of the age of the earth.
decay
The oldest volcanic rock found so far has been dated at _____ years old.
3.75 billion
Science is an assumption that events in the physical world follow orderly cause-and-effect patterns that can understood through careful observation, measurements, and experimentations
Science as an idea
Science is a possible and testable answer to a scientific question or explanation of what scientists observe in nature.
Science as an intellectual activity
Science is a subject of discipline, a field of study, describe the scientific methods and the importance of observation, experimentation, and models
Science as a body of knowledge
Science is an important and certain results of science done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around us is based on the large body of evidence
Science as a personal and social activity
In European history the term _____ refers to the period between Copernicus and Newton.
‘Scientific Revolution’
More radical proposals have suggested that the Scientific Revolution might apply to the so called Enlightenment ____ thus extending to roughly 1750.
‘Newtonians’
The learned view of things in 16th-century thought was that the world was composed of Four Qualities:
Aristotle’s Earth, Water, Air, and Fire
Newton’s learned contemporaries believed that the world was _____ or _____ (small material bodies)
made of atoms or
corpuscles
The Polish Astronomer who created the Copernican Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.
The Copernican Revolution
He was the Italian scientist who found convincing evidence in favor of the Copernican Model.
Galileo Galilei
At the same time as Galileo was making his critical observations of the planets, a German mathematician, ______, was putting into place another key piece of the puzzle.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler had the good fortune to be a student of the Danish astronomer _____, who had accumulated volumes of accurate astronomical observations.
Tycho Brahe
After publishing his findings, Galileo was contacted by _____, who demanded he retract his heretical ideas.
Pope Paul V
the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers – all related
Darwinian Revolution/Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
as random genetic mutations occur within an organism’s genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival - - a process known as _____
“natural selection”
acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations
Natural Selection
one composed of
multiple parts, all of which are necessary
for the system to function
+ If even one part is missing, the entire system will fail to function
irreducibly complex system
personality develops through a series of stages, each characterized by a certain internal psychological conflict
Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
According to Freud, personality develops during childhood and is critically shaped through a series of five psychosexual stages, which he called his _____
Psychosexual Theory of Development
According to Freud, our personality develops from the interactions among what he proposed as the three fundamental structures of the human mind:
the id, ego, and superego
This theory, known as Freud’s _____, places great emphasis on the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality.
Structural Theory of Personality
Four Notable Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson
Carl Jung
Karen Horney
the most primitive of the three structures, is concerned with instant gratification of basic physical needs and urges. It operates entirely unconsciously
The Id
concerned with social
rules and morals—similar to what many
people call their ” conscience ” or their
“moral compass.”
The Superego
the rational, pragmatic part of our personality. It is less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and partly unconscious.
The Ego
refers to the diverse
civilizations that shared similar cultural
characteristics in the geographic areas
comprising the modern-day countries of
Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize,
El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica
Mesoamerica
Some of the shared cultural traits among
Mesoamerican peoples included:
+ complex pantheon of deities
+ architectural features
+ a ballgame
+ the 260-day calendar
+ trade
+ food (especially
a reliance on maize, beans, and squash)
+ dress
+ accoutrements
Some of the most well-known Mesoamerican cultures are the:
Olmec
Maya
Zapotec
Teotihuacan
Mixtec
Mexica (or Aztec).
An anthropologist named _____ first used the term ―Mesoamerica (meso is Greek for―middle or ―intermediate) in 1943 to designate these geographical areas as having shared cultural traits prior to the invasion of Europeans, and the term has remained
Paul Kirchkoff
the earliest known
major civilization of Mesoamerica or
Pre-Columbian America
The Olmecs
the _____ made most prestigious discoveries in sectors of science and cosmology that enabled them to make a profoundly complex date-book
Mayans
The most alarming aspect of the ____ culture was the practice of human sacrifice, which was known throughout Mesoamerica prior to the Spanish conquest.
Aztec
The _____ Civilisation starts around 3300 BC with what is referred to as the Early Harappan Phase (3300 to 2600 BC).
Indus Valley
Mesoamerica refers to the diverse civilizations that shared similar cultural characteristics in the geographic areas comprising the modern-day countries of:
Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize,
El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica
