Lesson 2

Question 1

focuses on how the database structure will be used to store and manage end-user data.

Answer 1

Database Design

Question 2

the first step in designing database, refers to the process of creating specific data model for a determined problem domain.

Answer 2

Data Modeling

Question 3

is relatively simple representation, usually graphical, of more complex real-world data structure.

Answer 3

Data Model

Question 4

can facilitate interaction among the designer, the applications programmer, and the end-user.

Answer 4

Data models

Question 5

Basic building blocks for data model are the following:

Answer 5

Entity
Attribute
Relationship

Question 6

It was developed in the 1960’s to manage large amounts of data for complex manufacturing projects.

Answer 6

Hierarchical Model

Question 7

The model’s basic logical structure is represented by an upside-down tree. It contains levels, or segment.

Answer 7

Hierarchical Model

Question 8

is the equivalent of a file system’s record type.

Answer 8

Segment

Question 9

It was created to represent complex data relationships more effectively than the hierarchical model, to improve database performance, and to impose a database standard.

Answer 9

Network Model

Question 10

is generally used today, the standard database concepts that emerged with it are still used by modern data models: schema, subschema, DML, and DDL.

Answer 10

Network Model

Question 11

It is the conceptual organization of the entire database as viewed by the database administrator.

Answer 11

Schema

Question 12

It defines the portion of the database by the application programs that produce the desired information from the data in the database.

Answer 12

Subschema

Question 13

It defines the environment in which data can be managed; is a computer programming language used for adding, deleting, and modifying data in a database.

Answer 13

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Question 14

It allows the database administrator to define the schema components; is a syntax for creating and modifying database objects such as tables, indices, and users.

Answer 14

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Question 15

It was introduced in 1970 by E.F. Codd of IBM.

Answer 15

Relational Model

Question 16

this model represented a major breakthrough for both users and designers.

Answer 16

Relational Model

Question 17

The foundation of mathematical concept is known as

Answer 17

Relation

Question 18

It was introduced in 1976 by Peter Chen.

Answer 18

Entity Relationship Model

Question 19

The graphical representation of entries and their relationships in a database structure quickly became popular, because it complemented the relational data model concepts.

Answer 19

Entity Relationship Model

Question 20

The _________ are combined to provide the foundation for tightly structured database design.

Answer 20

relational data model and ERM

Question 21

both data and its relationships are contained in a single structure known as object.

Answer 21

Object-Oriented Model

Question 22

is the basis for the Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS).

Answer 22

OODM

Question 23

The OODM is said to be a ____data model because it indicates meaning

Answer 23

semantic

Question 24

The Object-Oriented Data Model is based on the following components:

An object is an __________ of a real-world entity.

Attributes describe the __________ of an object.

Objects that share similar __________ are grouped in __________ .

Answer 24

The Object-Oriented Data Model is based on the following components:

An object is an abstraction of a real-world entity.

Attributes describe the properties of an object.

Objects that share similar characteristics are grouped in classes.

Question 25

a collection of similar objects with shared structure (attributes) and behavior (methods).

Answer 25

class

Question 26

Classes are organized in a

Answer 26

class hierarchy

Question 27

is the ability of an object within the class hierarchy to inherit attributes.

Answer 27

inheritance

Question 28

Object-oriented data models are typically depicted using

Answer 28

Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagrams

Question 29

is a language based on Object-oriented concepts that describes a set of diagrams and symbols you can use to graphically model a system.

Answer 29

UML

Question 30

A metalanguage used to represent and manipulate data elements.

Answer 30

XML

Question 31

permits the manipulation of a document’s data elements

Answer 31

XML

Question 32

Refers to a movement to find new and better ways to manage large amounts of web and sensor-generated data and derive business insight from it, while simultaneously providing high performance and scalability at a reasonable cost.

Answer 32

BIg data

Question 33

Characteristics of Big Data Databases:

Answer 33

Volume Velocity Variety

Question 34

It is a large-scale distributed database system that stores structured and unstructured data in efficient ways.

Answer 34

NoSQL (“not only SQL”)

Question 35

general characteristics of NoSQL databases: They are not based on the __________ model They support __________ database architecture. They provide high __________ , high __________ , and fault __________ . They support very large amounts of __________ data. They are geared toward __________ rather than transaction consistency.

Answer 35

They are not based on the relational model They support distributed database architecture. They provide high scalability, high availability, and fault tolerance. They support very large amounts of sparse data. They are geared toward performance rather than transaction consistency.

Question 36

ANSI/SPARC architecture defines three (3) levels of data abstraction

Answer 36

external, conceptual, and internal

Question 37

It is the end user’s view of the data environment.

Answer 37

External Model

Question 38

It refers to people who use the application programs to manipulate the data and generate information.

Answer 38

External Model

Question 39

will be used to represent the external views. A specific representation of an external view is known as an external schema.

Answer 39

ER diagrams

Question 40

It represents a global view of the entire database by the entire organization.

Answer 40

Conceptual Model

Question 41

basis for the identification and high-level description of the main data objects.

Answer 41

Conceptual Model

Question 42

integrates all external views (entities, relationships, constraints, and processes) into a single global view of the data in the enterprise.

Answer 42

conceptual model

Question 43

It is the representation of the database as “seen” by the DBMS

Answer 43

Internal Model

Question 44

It requires the designer to match the conceptual model’s characteristics and constraints to those of the selected implementation model.

Answer 44

Internal Model

Question 45

depicts a specific representation of an internal model, using the database constructs supported by the chosen database.

Answer 45

Internal schema

Question 46

Operates at the lowest level of abstraction, describing the way data is saved on storage media such as magnetic, solid state, or optical media.

Answer 46

Physical Model

Question 47

requires the definition of both the physical storage devices and the (physical) access methods required to reach the data within those storage devices, making it both software and hardware dependent.

Answer 47

physical model