Lesson 2

Question 1

Old wars

Answer 1

(15th–18th Century Europe)

• Fought between states for clear political goals (state interests).
• Considered rational tools of state policy.
• Seen as a continuation of politics by other means.

Clausewitz

Question 2

New wars

Answer 2

• Involve non-state actors (rebel groups, militias).
• Goals often extend beyond state interests (e.g., ideology, identity, resources).
• Originated with Mao’s warfare strategies.
• Feature asymmetrical warfare, internal conflicts, and high civilian targeting.

Kaldor

Question 3

Post-Cold war conditions

Answer 3

• Decline in traditional interstate wars due to alliance breakdowns.
• Rise of internal conflicts once overshadowed by Cold War rivalries.
• Erosion of state sovereignty and questioning of large-scale force.
• War justification shifted to self-defense or UN-sanctioned interventions.
• Increase in irregular, informal wars (“new bellicosity”).

Kaldor

Question 4

Bosnian War as an Example of ‘New War’

Answer 4

• Internal conflict involving ethnic and religious groups.
• Mixed state and non-state actors, blurring combatant lines.
• Marked by brutality, ethnic cleansing, and disregard for warfare rules.

Discusses, the importance of non-staste actors to be recognized in relation to war.

Kaldor

Question 5

Bosnian war - key causes

Answer 5

Political Goals: Serbs & Croats sought ethnically pure territories; Bosnian govt. aimed for unity.

Ethnic Cleansing: Systematic violence, displacement, and terror, mainly by Bosnian Serbs.

Yugoslavia’s Collapse: Political & economic breakdown led to war.

Question 6

War Tactics & Economy, Bosnian war

Answer 6

Military Strategy: Control over people, not just land (sieges, terror, rape, looting).

Economic Collapse: War funded via foreign aid, black markets, and looted resources.

Question 7

International response to Bosnian war

Answer 7

UN & Peacekeeping Failure: Weak protection of civilians, legitimized nationalist claims.

Dayton Agreement (1995): Ended war but entrenched ethnic divisions.

Question 8

The Dayton Agreement 1995

Answer 8

the 1995 Dayton Agreement, which divided Bosnia into a Bosniak and Croat federation and a majority Serb entity called Republika Srpska, is the foundation of the current governmental structure. The text suggests that while it was successful in the short-term, the agreement has not created a sustainable constitutional foundation for the country

Question 9

Ethnical Cleansing

Answer 9

Making an area homogeneuos by using threat or force.

Question 10

Differences from Clausewitz war

Answer 10

Kaldor discusses the new war concept and compares it to the old war.

Kaldor

Question 11

Kaldor’s quote of Rousseau

Answer 11

In a word, anyone can see that aggressive
princes wage war at least as much on their
subjects as on their enemies, and that the
conquering nation is left no better off than
the conquered.

Question 12

Where does the state come from (Hobbes)

Answer 12

A sate is a social contract,
UDDYB, p 4, i pp2.

Question 13

Denmark, NATO and histroically inspired

Answer 13

Cannot use Tilly’s 4 points:

1. War making
2. State making
3. Protection
4. Extraction

Not living up to the NATO contract, as you should be able to protect your own citizens.

Not for many states, they can defend themselves.

Question 14

Max Weber definition of a state

Answer 14

Human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitime use pf physical force within a territory.

Question 15

Four generations of war

Answer 15

Post-1648: well-regulated war, line and column, distinguishes between combatant and civilian

WWI: Massive firepower, artillery, and then infantry advances, war of attrition.

WWII: Blitzkrieg, speed ranks above attrition and firepower, attacks on enemy rear positions.

New Wars: Uses all available networking options against the enemy (political, economic, social, and military).

Question 16

Intra vs interstate

Answer 16

Intra: Within a state
Inter: Between states