Lesson 2 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
respiration
A
exchange of gas between an organism and its environment
essential for voice production
2
Q
inspiration
A
the process bringing air into the lungs
aka inhalation
3
Q
expiration
A
process of eliminating air from the lungs
aka exhalation
4
Q
vertebral column- FUNCTION
A
provides protection for the spinal cords
5
Q
types of vertebrae
A
- 7 Cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 1 sacrum
- 1 coccyx
6
Q
7 cervical (vertebrae)
A
-neck
C1-C7
atlas C1
Axis C2
7
Q
atlas C1 (cervical)
A
supports the weight of the skull
very small spinous process
8
Q
axis C2 (cervical)
A
fits into atlas and allows for rotation and pivoting of the skull
9
Q
12 thoracic (vertebrae)
A
-behind ribcage
T1- T12
-larger spinous and transverse processes than cervical vertebrae
-superior and inferior costal facets are the attatchment points for ribs
10
Q
5 lumbar (vertebrae)
A
- lower back
- L1 - L5
- largest and strongest vertebrae
- provide attachment points for back and abdominal muscles
11
Q
1 sacrum (vertebrae)
A
- hips
- S1 - S5 fuse together to form sacrum
12
Q
sacral foramina
A
provides a passageways for sacral nerves
13
Q
1 coccyx (vertebrae)
A
- tailbone
- 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse together to form the coccyx
- articulated with sacrum by means of a small disc
14
Q
structures of a vertebrae
A
- body
- pedicles
- neural arch
- vertebral foramen
- spinous process
- transverse process
- superior and inferior articular facets
- anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
15
Q
body (structures of a vertebrae)
A
- corpus
- anterior large plate like portion
16
Q
pedicles (structures of a vertebrae)
A
lateral sides of the body project posteriorly then join at midline
17
Q
neural arch (structures of a vertebrae )
A
created where pedicles join at midline
18
Q
vertebral foramen (structures of a vertebrae )
A
canal created when vertebrae are staked, passage of spinal cord
19
Q
spinous process (structures of a vertebrae )
A
- extends dorsally and inferiorly from nueral arch
- attachment point for muscles and ligaments
20
Q
transverse process (structures of a vertebrae )
A
- projects laterally on either side of the vertebrae
- attachment point for muscles and ligaments
21
Q
superior and inferior articular facets (structures of a vertebrae )
A
allow vertebrae to stack on top of one another
22
Q
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments (structures of a vertebrae )
A
- extend through the length of spinal column
- bind the bodies of the vertebrae together
23
Q
intervertebral discs
A
- fibrocartilaginous discs found between vertebrae except for C1 & C2
- provides support and cushion for vertebrae
24
Q
spinal curvature - NORMAL
A
- cervical curve : Concave
- thoracic curve: Convex
- lumbar curve : Concave
- sacral curve : Convex
25
pelvic girdle- FUNCTION
- supports lower extremities
| - bears weight for legs
26
pelvic girdle- STRUCTURES
- illium
- ischium
- pubic bones
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ilium (pelvic girdle)
- large, wing like bone
| - supports abdominal muscles
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ischium (pelvic girdle)
- makes lower and back portion of hip
| - fuses with ilium and pubis
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pubic bones - (pelvic girdle)
joins together at the pubic symphysis
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pectoral girdle - FUNCTION
supports upper extremities
31
pectoral girdle- STRUCTURES
- scapula
| - clavicle
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scapula (pectoral girdle)
- shoulder blade
- attachment point for several muscles which allow flexible upper body movement and strength
- attaches to axial skeleton only via clavicle
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clavicle (pectoral girdle)
-collarbone
-attaches to sternum and scapula
provides anterior support for scapula
34
sternum
- attaches to the clavicle
- articulates with ribs by means of costal cartilage
- structures:
1. manubrium sterni
2. corpus
3. xiphoid
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manubrium sterni (sternum structure)
- uppermost segment of the sternum
- contains jugular notch
- articulates with clavicle and first rib and part of second rib
36
corpus ((sternum structure)
- body
| - articulates with 5 ribs
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xiphoid ((sternum structure))
- enisform process
| - provides attachment to the linea alba (midline of abdomen)
38
Ribs- TYPES
- true ribs
- false ribs
- floating or vertebral discs
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true ribs - (rib types)
- consistent of the upper ribs (1-7)
- direct attachment to the sternum via a cartilaginous union
- allows for expanding rib cage without breaking ribs
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false ribs - (rib types)
- ribs 8,9,10
| - attached to the sternum via cartilage which runs superiorly
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floating or vertebral ribs- (rib types)
- ribs 11 and 12
| - does not attach to sternum
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ribs - STRUCTURES
- head
- neck
- angle
- shaft
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head (rib structure)
provides the articulating surface with the spinal column
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neck (rib structure)
portion right below the head of the rib
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angle (rib structure)
the point at which the rib begins to curve forward
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shaft (rib structure)
the body of the rib
47
trachea
- flexible tube
- composed of 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings on the anterior portion
- lined with ciliated epithelial mucous membrane
- mucous glands secrete mucous to moisten incoming air and move particles out of the trachea via its cilia
- esophagus is posterior
48
trachealis muscle
located along posterior wall of trachea flexibility
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carina trachea
point at which the trachea divides into bronchi
50
bronchi
- mainstream bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
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mainstream bronchi (bronchi tree)
- right bronchus
| - left bronchus
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secondary bronchi (bronchi tree)
extend into the lobes of the lungs
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tertiary bronchi (bronchi tree)
smaller passageways extending into the bronchioles
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bronchioles (bronchi tree)
terminal bronchioles or terminal bronchioli
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alveolar ducts (bronchi tree)
passageways into the alveoli
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alveoli (bronchi tree)
depression in alveolar sacs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in a network of capillaries
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lungs
-healthy lungs are soft, spongy, porous, elastic and pink
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lungs - STRUCTURES
- apex
- right lung
- left lung
- mediastinum
- mediastinal surface
- costal surface
- oblique fissues
- transverse fissue
- pleurae
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mediastinum (lung structure)
- space that separates the 2 lungs
| - heart, large vessels, esophagus, some nerves, & part of the branching bronchi
60
right & left lung
- RIGHT: 3 lobes
| - LEFT: 2 lobes
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mediastinal surface
surface of each lung facing the mediastinum
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costal surface
convex surface of lung next to ribs
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oblique fissure
- both lungs
| - travel in superolateral direction
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transverse fissure
right lung only
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plurae
coverin for the lungs and interal organs
- visceral pluerae
- parietal pluerae
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visceral pleurae
covering lungs
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parietal pleurae
- covering thoracic linings
- mediastinal pleura (covers mediastinal)
- diaphragmatic pleura (covers diaphragm)
- costal pleurae ( covers inner surface of rib cage)
68
pleural linkage
- two layers of the pleurae adhere to each other & are air tight
- allows expansion during breathing
- mucous solution is released between the parietal and visceral pleurae
1. reduces surface tension
2. provides slipper surface between lungs and thoracic wall
3. keeps sheets from clinging to each other
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muscles of inspiration
- primary muscles of thorax
- accessory muscles of thorax
- accessory muscles of neck
- muscles of the upper arm and shoulder
- back muscles of inspiration
70
diaphragm-ATTACHMENT
rib cage,xiphoid process, & vertebral column to the central tendon
71
diaphragm - ACTION
- pulls central tendon down and back during inspiration
| - expands lungs in vertical direction
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diaphragm - STRUCTURES
- central tendon
- aortic hiatus
- esophageal hiatus
- foramen vena cava
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central tendon (diaphragm structure)
- intermediate region of the diaphragm
| - when contracted the muscle fibers shorten
74
aortic hiatus (diaphragm structure)
- passage for abdominal aorta
| - supplies oxygenated blood to all of the abdominal and pelvic organs and the legs
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esophageal hiatus (diaphragm structure)
passage for esophagus and small arteries
76
foramen vena cava (diaphragm structure)
- passage for inferior vena cava
| - large vein carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart
77
anterior (accessory muscles of thorax)
- external intercostals
| - internal intercostals
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external intercostals (anterior accessory muscles of thorax)
- attaches: lower surface of rib to the upper surface immediately below
- action: elevates rib cage
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internal intercostals (anterior accessory muscles of thorax)
- attaches: lower surface of rib to the upper surface immediately below
- action: elevates rib cage
80
posterior (Accessory muscles of thorax)
- levators costarum
| - serratus posterior superior
81
levators costarum (posterior Accessory muscles of thorax)
- brevis portion
| - longus portion
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brevis portion (levator costarum)
- attaches: cervical and thoracic vertebrae to the tubercle of the rib below
- action: raises ribs
83
longus portion (levator costarum)
- attaches: lower thoracic vertebrae, bypass the rib below to insert into the next rib
- action: raises ribs
84
serratus posterior superior (posterior Accessory muscles of thorax)
- Attaches: spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3 to rib 2-5
| - action: elevates ribs 2-5
85
Sternocleidomastoid (accessory muscles of the neck)
- attaches: mastoid process of temporal bone to the sternal head and clavicle
- action: elevates sternum and rib cage
86
scalenus (accessory muscles of the neck
- attaches:C2-C7 to ribs 1-2
| - action: elevates ribs 1-2
87
pectoralis major (muscles of the upper arm and shoulder)
- attaches: sternum & clavicle to humerus
| - action: elevates sternum & rib cage
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pectoralis minor (muscles of the upper arm and shoulder)
- attaches: ribs 2-5 to the scapula
| - action: with shoulder fixed elevated ribs 2-5
89
serratus anterior (muscles of the upper arm and shoulder)
- attaches: ribs 1-9 to the scapula
| - action: elevate ribs 1-9
90
levator scapulae (back muscles of inspiration)
- attaches: C1-C4 to scapula
| - action: elevates scapula and provides neck support
91
rhomboideus major (back muscles of inspiration)
- attaches:T2-T5 to scapula
| - Action: stabilizes shoulder girdle
92
rhomboideus minor (back muscles of inspiration)
- attaches: C7-T1 to scapula
| - Action: stabilizes shoulder girdle
93
trapezius (back muscles of inspiration)
- attaches: C2 to T12 to scapula and superior surface of clavicle
- Action: elongation of the neck & head control
94
anterior-lateral (muscles of thorax and back)
- internal intercostal (interosseous portion)
| - transversus thoracic
95
internal intercostal (anterior-lateral mus of thorax&back)
- attaches: superior surface of ribs to inferior surface of rib above
- action: depresses ribs
96
transversus thoracic (anterior-lateral mus of thorax&back)
- attaches: sternum to ribs 2-6
| - actions: depresses ribs
97
posterior thoracic muscles (muscles of thorax and back)
- subcostals
| - serratus posterior inferior
98
subcostals (posterior thoracic muscles)
- sub means below, costal refers to ribs
- attaches: inner surface of rib to inner surface of second or third rib below
- depresses ribs
99
serratus posterior inferior (posterior thoracic muscles)
- attaches: T11- T12 and L1-L3 to ribs 8-12
| - action: depresses ribs
100
abdominal aponeurosis (abdominal muscles of expiration)
- tendonous structure that provides an attachment point for many muscles of the abdomen
- linea alba
101
linea alba
- white line that runs from xiphoid process the pubic symphysis
- forms a midline structure for muscles attachment
102
anterolateral (abdominal muscles of expiration)
- transversus abdominis
- internal oblique
- external oblique
- posterior
103
transversus abdominis (anterolateral)
- attaches: lower ribs, diaphragm and thoracic vertebrae to abdominus aponeurosis, down to the pubis
- action: compress abdomen
104
internal oblique (anterolateral)
- attaches: iliac crest to the linea alba and cartilage of lower ribs
- action: rotates trunk, compresses abdomen
105
external oblique (anterolateral)
- attaches: lower seven ribs to iliac crest and abdominal aponeurosis
- action: rotates trunk and compresses abdomen
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rectus abdominis (anterolateral)
- attaches: pubis to xiphoid process of sternum and cartilage of ribs 5-7
- action: compresses abdomen
107
posterior (abdominal muscles of expiration)
quadratus lumborum:
attaches: iliac crest to lumbar vertebrae and lower border of rib 12
- action: pulls last rib down and supports in abdominal compression
108
latissimus dorsi (muscles of upper limb)
- attaches: sacral lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae to humerus
- action: compresses the lower portion of the rib cage wall
109
boyles law
given a gas of constant temperature, increasing the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained will cause a corresponding decrease in pressure. Decreasing the volume of the chamber will cause an increase in pressure
110
negative pressure
if you increase the volume, pressure will decrease
111
positive pressure
if you decrease the volume, the pressure will increase
112
inhalation
expansion of thoracic cavity increases the volume, which decreases the air pressure -air flow into the lungs
113
quiet (passive) inspiration
mostly accomplished through diaphragm
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active (forced) inspiration
uses muscles of inspiration
115
exhalation
compression of the thoracic cavity decreases the volume of the lungs which increases air pressure - air flow out of the lungs
116
quiet (passive) expiration
- system is restored to a resting position after inspiration
- driven by forces of torque, elasticity and gravity
117
active (forced) expiration
- muscular effort enhances act of expiration
- abdomen is compresses
- muscles reduce size of thorax
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rate of breathing
- measured in breaths per minute
| - variables affecting rate
119
variables affection rate
```
age
activity level
muscles weakness/strength
-spastic: excessive tone
-flaccid: too little tone
illness
```
120
spirometer
-device used to measure lung volume and capacities
121
volumes
- amount of air inhaled or exhaled
- tidal volume
- inspiratory reserve volume
- expiratory reserve volume
- residual volume
122
tidal volume
volume of air exchanged during one cycle of respiration
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inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
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expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be expired following passive tidal expiration
125
residual volume
the volume of air in the lungs after maximum exhalation
126
capacities
combined volumes that express physiological limits
- vital capacity
- total lung capacity
- functional residual capactiy
- inspiratory capacity
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vital capacity
the combination of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume,and tidal volume,representing the capacity of air available for speech
128
total lung capacity
sum of all the lung volumes
129
functional residual capacity
air that remains in the body after passive exhalation
130
inspiratory capacity
the maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
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breathing for life
- location of air intake: nose
- ratio of tine for inhalation vs exhalation: Inhale 40% Exhale 60%
- muscle activity for exhalation: passive (muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax)
- chest wall position: abdomen is position outward relative to ribcage
132
breathing for speech
- location of air intake: mouth
- ratio of time for inhalation vs exhalation: Inhale 10%, Exhale 90%
- muscle activity for exhalation: active (thoracic and abdominal muscles contract to control recoil of ribcage and diaphragm)
- chest wall position: abdominal is position inward relative rib cage
133
Dyspnea (symptoms respiratory problems)
- subjectively perceived discomfort in breathing that can vary mild to extreme
- shortness of breath
- the need to work harder to breathe
- chest tightness
134
Stridor (symptoms respiratory problems)
-audible sound that occurs during inspiration and/or expiration
135
types of respiratory problems
obstructive
restrictive
central
136
asthma (obstructive type )
- swelling in bronchioles that decreases the diameter of the bronchial branches
- increased resistance to airflow
137
emphysema (obstructive type)
- breakdown of lung in which the alveoli (small sacs) are destroyed
- decreased oxygen exchange between the air and blood stream
- causes decreased vital capacity
- common cause is smoking
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diseases of the pleura: Pleurisy (restrictive type)
- condition in which there is inflammation of the plural linings
- causes extreme pain during breathing due to the loss of lubrication
139
pneumonia (restrictive type)
- inflammation of the lungs caused by a bacterial or viral infection
- causes the alveoli to fill fluid
- can be caused by aspiration of fluid or food into the lungs due to poor swallow function
140
stroke (central type)
- sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain
- depending on location of the brain damage can cause decrease in muscular strength or coordination
- may affect the control of the muscles of respiration
141
sitting posture (posture support )
- may cause some restraint of diaphragm movements
- gravity pulls the abdominal viscera down
- support inspiration and expiration
142
supine position (posture support)
- gravity pulls the abdominal viscera toward the spine
- muscles of inspiration must elevate both abdomen and rib cage against gravity
- increase effort required for inspiration and expiration
143
how a person uses and control air flow is typically more important than lung capacity
- improve coordination of respiration and phonation
- important to measure the patients respiratory function both non-speech and speech tasks
- treatment exercises should be practiced in speech contexts rather than in non-speech contexts
