Lesson 3 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Phonation
A
- a product of vibrating vocal folds
- AKA voicing
2
Q
hyoid bone
A
- location: level of 3rd cervical vertibrae
- STRUCTURES:
1. body
2. greater corni
3. lesser cornu - very mobile
- doesnt connect to any other bone in body
3
Q
greater cornu
A
articulates with the superior horns (cornu) of thyroid cartilage
4
Q
lesser cornu
A
cone shape
rise superiorly
5
Q
larynx - FUNCTION
A
- protects lower passageway from foreign materials
- can be used to hold air in lungs
- generates sounds
6
Q
what are the laryngeal cartilages?
A
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- arytenoid cartilage
- corniculate cartilages
- cuneiform cartilage
- epiglottic cartilage
TACCCE
7
Q
thyroid cartilage
laryngeal cartilage
A
- largest laryngeal cartilage
- articulates inferiorly with cricoid cartilage
- STRUCTURES:
1. thyroid laminae
2. thyroid angle
3. thyroid notch
4. thyroid prominance
5. cornu
8
Q
thyroid laminae (thyroid cartilage structure)
A
aka quadrilateral plates (square shape)
9
Q
thyroid angle (thyroid cartilage structure)
A
point at which the 2 thyroid laminae come together
10
Q
thyroid notch (thyroid cartilage structure)
A
superior point of thyroid angle
11
Q
thyroid prominence (thyroid cartilage structure)
A
adams apple (sticks out)
12
Q
cornu
thyroid cartilage structure
A
- located on the posterior portion of thyroid
- 2 sets:
1. superior- points towards hyoid bone
2. inferior- rest on cricoid cartilage
13
Q
cricoid cartilage
laryngeal cartilage
A
- most inferior cartilage of larynx
- unpaired, ring shaped
- STRUCTURES
1. arch
2. posterior quadrate lamina
14
Q
arch
cricoid cartilage structure
A
- low narrow portion front
- provides clearance for the vocal folds
15
Q
posterior quadrate lamina
cricoid cartilage structure
A
- wide and thick portion back
- provides point of articulation for arytenoid cartilages
16
Q
arytenoid cartilages
laryngeal cartilage
A
- location: superior surface of cricoid cartilage
- allows for rocking gliding and rotating (important for onset and offset voicing)
- STRUCTURES: pyramidal shape
1. base
2. apex
3. vocal process
4. muscular process
17
Q
vocal process
arytenoid cartilage
A
- projects anteriorly toward the thyroid notch
- location of vocal fold attachment
18
Q
muscular process
arytenoid cartilage
A
- projects laterally on arytenoid
- point where muscles adduct and abduct vocal folds (open close vocal folds)
19
Q
corniculate cartilage
laryngeal cartilage
A
- small horn shaped, extension of arytenoids
- supports aryepiglottic fold
20
Q
cuneiform cartilages
laryngeal cartilage
A
- small cartilages embedded within the aryepiglottic fold
- anterior to corniculate cartilages
- provide support for laryngeal covering
21
Q
epiglottic cartilage [epiglottis]
laryngeal cartilage
A
- leaf like structure
- stem arises from inner surface of thyroid angle,below notch
- attaches by means of thyroepiglottic ligament
- protects airway by deflecting food and liquids from being swallowed
- epiglottis attaches to hyoid bone via epiglottic lig
- surface of epiglottis is covered w/ mucous membrane lining
22
Q
what are the laryngeal joints?
A
- cricothyroid joint
2. cricoarytenoid joint
23
Q
cricothyroid joint (laryngeal joint)
A
- synovial (diarthrodial) joint that allows thryoid to tilt downard.
- stretches and tenses vocal folds
- joint provides major adjustments for chagne in vocal pitch
24
Q
cricoarytenoid joint (laryngeal joint)
A
- saddle joint
- concave portion of arytenoids articulates with convex portion of cricoid lamina
- synovial joint allows for rocking, gliding, and minimal rotation
- involved in adduction and abduction of vocal folds
25
EXTRINSIC laryngeal membranes and ligaments
- group of ligaments and membranes that connect the cartilages of larynx to each other and to the hyoid bone and trachea
- structures:
1. thyroid membrane
2. hyoepiglottic ligament
3. thyroepiglottic ligament
4. cricotracheal membrane
26
thyroid membrane
| extrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments
- hyothyroid
| - connects hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage
27
hyoepiglottic ligament
| extrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments
connects epiglottis to the hyoid bone
28
thyroepiglottic ligament
| extrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments
connects epiglottis to thyroid
29
cricotracheal membrane
| extrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments
connects cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal ring
30
INTRINSIC laryngeal membranes and ligaments
- continuous sheet of connective tissue *elastic membrane
- quadrangular membranes (upper portion)
- conus elasticus (lower portion)
31
aryepiglottic folds
| quadrangular membrane
- completley seal off spaces in laryngeal structures
- directs the airstream into the aditus and upward into the resonatory passagways
- first line of defense against foreign objects
- closes during swallowing and vomiting/ prevents food/liquid from entering respiratory tracts
32
ventricular folds
| quadrangular membrane
- aka false vocal folds
- pink and plump
- found between laryngeal vestibule & laryngeal ventricle
- when ventricular folds contract, they meet at midline, closing or sealing off airway
- close during swallowing, during effortful activites such as lifting heavy objects
33
```
conus elasticus
(intrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments)
```
- lower portion
- vocal folds
- cricothyroid ligament
34
vocal folds
| conus elasticus
- white cus of lack of vascular supply
| - third line of defense in keeping foreign objects out of lungs
35
cricothyroid ligament
| conus elasticus
connects cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
36
What are the cavities and spaces of the larynx ? (6)
1. laryngeal vestibule
2. laryngeal ventricle
3. inferior laryngeal ventricle
4. valleculae
5. pyriform sinus
6. glottis
37
laryngeal vestibule
| cavities and spaces of the larynx
- area in larynx above ventricular folds
| - opening in called aditus
38
laryngeal ventricle
| cavities and spaces of the larynx
space between vocal folds and ventricular folds
39
inferior laryngeal ventricle
| cavities and spaces of the larynx
- portion below the true folds
| - extend through to the trachea
40
valleculae
| cavities and spaces of the larynx
- area between tongue root and epiglottis
| - impaired swallow can cause food/liquid to pool in valleculae which increases risk for aspiration
41
pyriform sinus
| cavities and spaces of the larynx
- between lateral wall of thyroid cartilage & aryepiglotic folds
- impaired swallow can cause food/liquid to pool in pyriform sinus which increases risk for aspiration
42
glottis
| cavities and spaces of the larynx
- opening between vocal folds
- triangular shape during quiet respiration
- anterior commissure: anterior most region of glottis
- posterior commissure: posterior most region of glottis
43
what are layers of the vocal folds
1. cover
2. transition/vocal ligament
3. body
44
cover
| layers of the vocal folds
- epithelium
| - superficial lamina propria (aka reinke's space)
45
epithelium
| cover layer of vocal fold
- mucosal covering of stratified squamous cells
| - needs a thin layer of mucous lubrication for best oscillation
46
superficial lamina propria
| cover layer of vocal fold
- extracellular gelatin matrix
| - helps cushion the vocal folds
47
transition/ voice ligament
| layer of vocal fold
- intermediate lamina propria
| - deep lamina propria
48
intermediate lamina propria
| transition/ voice ligament layer of vocal fold
- compose of elastic fibers
| - part of vocal ligament
49
deep lamina propria
| transition/ voice ligament layer of vocal fold
- collagen fibers
- supportive
- part of vocal ligament
50
body
| layer of vocal fold
vocalis muscle (thyroidarytenoid)
- thyrovocalis + thyromuscularis
- provides tone, stability & mass
51
laryngeal musculature - FUNCTION
- regulate valve openings and closings
1. epiglottic valve
2. ventricular fold valve
3. vocal fold valve
- provide movement of laryngeal cartilage for speech
52
INTRINSIC MUSCLES (laryngeal musculature)
- have both origin and insertion w/in larynx
- make fine adjustments
1. ADDUCTOR
2. ABDUCTOR
3. TENSORS
4. RELAXER
53
Adductor
| intrinsic muscles-laryngeal
- bring together
- lateral cricoarytenoid
- transverse arytenoid
- oblique arytenoid
54
```
lateral cricoarytenoid
(adductor intrinsic muscle)
```
- attaches: lateral surface of cricoid to arytenoid muscular process
- action: adducts vocal folds
55
```
transverse arytenoid
(adductor intrinsic muscle)
```
- only unpaired intrinsic muscle
- attaches: arytenoid to arytenoid
- action: adducts vocal folds
56
```
oblique arytenoid
(adductor intrinsic muscle)
```
- attaches: base of one arytenoid upward and across to apex of the other forming an X
- action: adducts vocal folds (how tightly VF are pressed against each other) rocks arytenoid and VF down and inward
57
abductor
| intrinsic muscle- laryngeal
- pull apart
| - posterior cricoarytenoid
58
```
posterior cricoarytenoid
(abductor intrinsic muscle)
```
- attaches: posterior wall of cricoid cartilage to arytenoid
- action: abducts vocal folds
59
tensors
| intrinsic muscle- laryngeal
- tighten muscles
- cricothyroid
- thyrovocalis
60
cricothyroid
| tensor intrinsic muscle
- primary tensor of vocal folds
- responsible for laryngeal adjustments associated with pitch change
- PARS RECTA
- PARS OBLIQUE
61
pars recta
| cricothyroid tensor
attaches: cricoid to inferior border of the thyroid lamina
action: rotates thyroid cartilage downward
62
pars oblique
| cricothyroid tensor
attaches: cricoid to inferior cornu of the thyroid
action: rotates thyroid cartilage downward, stretch vocal folds
63
thyrovocalis
| tensor intrinsic muscle
- part of thyroarytenoid
- body of vocal folds
- attaches: anterior commissue of thyroid to vocalprocess
- action:tenses vocal folds
64
relaxer
| intrinsic muscle- laryngeal
- relax muscles
| - thyromuscularis
65
thyromuscularis
| relaxer tensor
- part of thyroarytenoid
- body of vocal folds
- attachments: anterior commissure of thyroid to muscular process
- action:shorten and relax vocal folds
66
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES (laryngeal musculature)
- one attachment to the larynxx and other attachment on a structure outside the larynx
- forms network that surrounds the larynx & anchors it in portion withing the neck
- makes major adjustments to larynx
* elevating
* depressing
- hyoid and laryngeal elevators
- hyoid and laryngeal depressors
67
what are the hyoid and laryngeal elevators?
| extrinsic muscles
- diagastricus
- stylohyoid musle
- mylohyoid muscle
- geniohyoid muscle
- genioglossus muscle
- hyoglossus muscle
68
ANTERIOR Digastricus
| hyoid and laryngeal elevators
attaches: mandible to hyoid
function: elevates hyoid anteriorly
69
POSTERIOR Digastricus
| hyoid and laryngeal elevators
attaches: mastoid process of temporal bone to hyoid
function: elevates hyoid posteriorly
70
stylohyoid muscle
| hyoid and laryngeal elevators
attaches: styloid process of temporal bone to hyoid
action: elevates hyoid posteriorly
71
mylohyoid muscle
| hyoid and laryngeal elevators
- makes up floor of oral cavity
- attaches: mandible to hyoid
- action: elevates hyoid anteriorly
72
geniohyoid muscle
| hyoid and laryngeal elevators
- attaches: mandible to hyoid
| - action: elevates hyoid anteriorly
73
hyoglossus muscle
| hyoid and laryngeal elevators
attaches: sides of tongue to hyoid
action: elevates hyoid and depresses tongue
74
what are the hyoid and laryngeal depressors?
| extrinsic muscles
1. sternohyoid muscle
2. omohyoid muscle
3. sternothyroid muscle
4. thyrohyoid muscle
75
sternohyoid muscle
| hyoid and laryngeal depressors
attaches: sternum to hyoid
action: depresses hyoid
76
omohyoid muscle
| hyoid and laryngeal depressors
attaches: scapula to hyoid
action: depresses hyoid
77
sternothyroid muscle
| hyoid and laryngeal depressors
- assist on producing high & low pitch
- helps make fine adjustments to vocal folds
- attaches: sternum to thyroid
- action depresses thyroid cartilage
78
thyrohyoid muscle
| hyoid and laryngeal depressors
attaches: thyroid to hyoid
action: depresses hyoid or elevates larynx
79
vocal fold vibration
-vibration of vocal folds is NOTTTTT the product if repeated adduction and abduction of the vocal folds
-Myoelastic- Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation
(myo= muscle)
80
myoelastic
| Myoelastic- Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation
elasticity
stiffness
inertia
81
elasticity
| myoelastic
- returns to original shape after being displaced
- VF are muscles covered by delicate membranes
- this soft tissue allows them to move when sufficient force is exerted
82
stiffness
| myoelastic
-strength of material that restores it to original shape
83
inertia
| myoelastic
-a body in motion tends to stay in motion
84
bernoulli's principle (aerodynamic)
- there will be an increase in velocity of airflow at a point of constriction
- & a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow
85
What are the Laryngeal functions?
1. attack
2. sustain phonation
3. termination
86
attack
| laryngeal function
adduct vocal folds to initiate phonation
87
```
sustain phonation
(laryngeal function)
```
maintain laryngeal posture, ongoing airflow maintains the vibration
88
termination
| laryngeal function
abduct vocal folds to stop phonation
89
frequency
- rate of vibration of an object
| - measured in cycles per second
90
pitch
- perception of sounds frequency
- vibration rate related to vocal fold
1. thickness (mass),
2. length
3. elasticity
- higher /lower pitch
91
higher pitch
- faster the vibration (higher the frequency) the higher the sounds will be perceived
- contraction of cricothyroid muscles lengthens vocal folds and thins medial edge
92
lower pitch
- slower the vibration (the lower the frequency) the lower the sound will be perceived
- contraction of thyromascularis
1. brings thyroid cartilage & arytenoids closer together
2. shortens vocal fold length making them more massive & less tense
93
amplitude
amount of displacement of an object from its rest position
94
loudness
- perception of sounds amplitude
| - increase loudness
95
increase loudness
- the greater the amplitude the louder is the sound that is heard and vice versa
- increase medial compression of Vocal Folds
1. VF press together more tightly
2. VF press together for a more longer period of time
96
what are normal voice qualities?
1. maximum frequency range
2. minimum-maximum amplitude
3. maximum phonation time
4. minimal additive noise
97
maximum frequency range
| normal voice quality
-voice is flexible in pitch during conversation
98
minimum-maximum amplitude
| normal voice quality
-voice is able to vary loudness
99
maximum phonation time
| normal voice quality
- measured by the longest period of time that an individual can sustain a vowel on one breath
- >adults:15-25 seconds
- >children:at least 10
- coordinated air flow w/vocal fold adduction
100
minimal additive noise
| normal voice quality
minimal breathiness or roughness
101
what are abnormal voice qualities?
1. dysphonia
2. breathiness
3. rough/hoarse voice
102
dysphonia
| abnormal voice quality
generic term for any voice that sounds deviant in terms of quality,pitch & loudness
103
breathiness
| abnormal voice quality
- vocal folds dont close completely during each vibratory cycle
- air leakage at the glottis creates a friction noise
- breathy noise is measured at the higher frequencies
104
rough/hoarse voice
- excessive vocal fold closure during phonation
- vocal folds vibrate in a less periodic cycle
- rough/hoarse noise is measured at lower frequencies
105
what are the vocal fold disorders?
1. laryngitis
2. vocal nodules
3. vocal polyps
4. vocal fold paralysis
106
laryngitis
| vocal fold disorder
- inflammation of vocal folds
| - caused by excessive use of the voice, infections, inhaled irritants or reflux
107
vocal nodules
| vocal fold disorder
- noncancercous growths on vocal cords
| - most often caused by vocal abuse
108
vocal polyps
| vocal fold disorder
soft noncancerous growth, similar to a blister
109
vocal fold paralysis
| vocal fold disorder
- one or both vocal fold doesn't open or close
- caused by:
- > injury
- > problem in surgery
- > stroke
- > cancer
- > neurological disorder
110
what are the facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds?
1. whisper
2. yawning
3. coughing
4. throat clearing
5. laughing
6. crying
111
relaxed whisper
| facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds
- less stressful to vocal folds
| - more open and softer
112
forced whisper
| facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds
- strong, funneled air stream
- stiffened folds
- turbulence just about glottis
113
yawning
| facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds
facilitates relaxation of vocal tract musculature
114
coughing
| facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds
- airway protection
- encourage adduction of vocal folds
- prolonged cough abusive to vocal folds
115
throat clearing
| facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds
- can help remove irritants
- entire larynx goes into stressful movements
- >encourage very soft and breathy clearing
- >loud or frequent- abusive to vocal folds
116
laughing
| facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds
- laryngeal musculature are reflexively relaxed
- can help generate efficient vocal physiology in voice therapy
- can cause excessive laryngeal pressure and stress if done too loudly or excessively
117
open- relaxed cry
| facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds
enriched resonane between the vocal folds and the supraglottic resonating spaces
118
tight- loud or excessive crying
| facilitative and aversive activites of the vocal folds
laryngeal and supraglottic musculature are tensed
