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BIO MIDTERM > Lesson 2, Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 2, Chapter 3 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Large, complex organic molecules

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2
Q

Explain carbon’s shells

A

4 electrons in its outer, needs 4 more to fill the shell

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3
Q

How can carbon fill up its bonds

A

Single or double bonds

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4
Q

Molecules with ___ bonds are ____ soluble

A

polar, water

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5
Q

Molecules with ____ bonds (like hydrocarbons) are ____________________ soluble

A

nonpolar, not very water

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6
Q

What are functional groups

A

Groups of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important

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7
Q

Review slide 9 table 3.1

A
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7
Q

What does each type of functional group do?

A

Exhibit the same properties in all molecules in which its occurs

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8
Q

What is an isomer

A

Two molecules with an identical molecular formula but different structures and characteristic

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9
Q

What is a structural isomer

A

Contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships

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10
Q

What is a stereoisomer

A

Identical bonding relationships, but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers

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11
Q

What is a cis-trans isomer

A

Positioning around double bond

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12
Q

What is an enatiomer

A

Mirror image molecules

Difference in orientation leads to different binding abilities

Enzymes that recognize one enantiomer usually do not recognize the other

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13
Q

What are some organic molecules that are large macromolecules composed of

A

Thousands or millions of atoms

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14
Q

How are organic molecules and macromolecules formed by

A

Linking monomers (one part) and polymers (many parts)

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15
Q

What happens when a polymer is formed?

A

2 smaller molecules combine through a condensation reaction; produces a larger organic molecule plus a water molecule

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16
Q

Polymer formation by dehydration (CONDENSATION) reactions is done how? how many times does the process repeat?

A

A molecule of water is removed each time a new monomer is added

The process repeats to form long polymers

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17
Q

What does a polymer consist of

A

Thousands of monomers

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18
Q

What is dehydration catalyzed by

A

Enzymes

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19
Q

What happens during the breakdown of a polymer by hydrolysis reactions? Does the process repeat and if so, why?

A

A molecule of water is added back each time a monomer is released

The process repeats to break down long polymer

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20
Q

What is hydrolysis catalyzed by?

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

What are the four major classes of organic molecules found in living cells

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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22
Q

What atoms carbohydrates composed of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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23
Q

What are most of the carbon atoms in a carbohydrate linked to?

A

A hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group

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24
What are monosaccharides?
The simplest sugars Most common are 5 or 6 carbons
25
Review slide 20
26
What are disaccharides composed of
2 monosaccharides
27
What are disaccharides joined by
Dehydration or condensation reaction
28
What are polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers
29
What are lipids composed of
Predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms and some oxygen
30
What are defining features of lipids
Nonpolar; very insoluble in water
31
Lipids comprised about how much of the organic matter in the average human body
40%
32
What are fats also known as
Triglycerides
33
How are triglycerides formed
Bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids Joined by dehydrations; resulting bond is an ester bond
34
Types of fatty acids
Saturated and unsaturated
35
What do saturated fatty acids contain
All carbons have the maximal amount of hydrogens
36
What state to fatty acids tend to be at room temperature
Solid
37
What are unsaturated fatty acids
Contain one or more double bonds Cis forms naturally; formed formed artificially Trans fats are linked to disease
38
What state do unsaturated fatty acids tend to be at room temperature
Liquid
39
What are usually saturated/unsaturated fats
Animal fats = saturated Plant = unsaturated
40
What are fats important for
Energy storage
41
What can fats also be
Structural - providing cushioning and insulation
42
What are phospholipids formed by
Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
43
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules
Phosphate head - polar/hydrophilic Fatty acid tail - nonpolar/hydrophobic
44
What are steroids
Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
45
Are steroids usually insoluble in water
Yes
46
What can tiny differences in the structure of steroids lead to
Profoundly different, specific biological properties
47
What do many plants and animals produce that are secreted onto their surface
Lipids called waxes
48
what are proteins composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and small amounts of other elements, notably sulfur
49
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
50
what happens during a polypeptide formation
amino acids join by dehydration reaction
51
what happens to Carboxy + amino during a polypeptide formation
forms peptide bond
52
what are polymers of amino acids known as
polypeptides
53
what is the free amino group of a polypeptide called
N-terminus
54
What is the free carboxyl end called
c-terminmus
55
what can proteins may be formed from
one or several polypeptides
56
what is the four progressive levels that proteins have
primary secondary tertiary quaternary
57
explain the primary structure
- amino acid sequence - determined by genes - ribonuclease - 124 amino acids
58
what causes protein folding
chemical and physical interactions
59
what are key determinants of a protein's characteristics
α helices and β pleated sheets
60
what does folding do to a protein
complex 3D shape
61
what is the final level of structure for a single polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
62
what is a quaternary structure made up of
two or more polypeptides
63
are are individual polypeptide chains
protein subunits
64
can protein be formed from several copies of the same polypeptide
yes
65
what are the 5 factors that promote protein folding and stability
1) hydrogen bonds 2) ionic bonds and other polar interactions 3) hydrophobic effects 4) van de waals forces 5) disulfide bridges - link the -SH groups in 2 cysteine side chains together
66
Many cellular processes involve steps in which two or more _____
different proteins interact
67
What are the first four factors to bind during protein-protein interactions
1) Hydrogen bonds 2) ionic bonds and other polar interactions 3) hydrophobic effects 4) van der waals forces
68
Do proteins contain all the information necessary to fold into their proper confirmation without needing organnelles or factors
postulated by christian anfinsen
69
What was the conclusion of Anfinsen's Ribonuclease experiement?
Even in the complete absence of any cellular factors or organelles, an unfolded protein can refold into its functional structure
70
do some proteins require assistance in folding
yes
71
what do proteins contain within their structures
functional domains
72
what do modules or domains have in proteins
distinct structures and function
73
what are nucleic acids responsible for
storage, expression and transmission of genetic information
74
what are the 2 classes of nucleic acids
dna and rna
75
the nucleic acid monomer is a _____
nucleotide
76
what is a monomer made up of
phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and single/double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms known as a base
77
what are purines
adenine (A) and guanine (G)
78
what are pyrimidines
cytosine (C) and thymine (T)
79
what are nucleotides linked into polymers by
sugar-phosphate backbone
80
what is dna composed of
2 strands of nucleotides coiled around each other in a double helix
81
what is dna held togther by
hydrogen bonds between a purine base in one strand and a pyrimidine base in the opposite strand
82
what does a pair with
t
83
what does c pair with
g

BIO MIDTERM (4 decks)

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