Lesson 4, Chapter 7

Question 1

what is cellular respiration

Answer 1

process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules and release waste products

Question 2

what is the primary aim of cellular respiration

Answer 2

make atp

Question 3

what happens during aerobic respiration

Answer 3

o2 consumed and co2 released

Question 4

what happens when glucose is broken down

Answer 4

some of the energy is lost but much of it is used to make 3 energy intermediates: atp, nadh, fadh2

Question 5

what are the 4 metabolic pathways

Answer 5

glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

what happens to glucose and what does it produce during glycolysis

Answer 6

broken down to 2 pyruvate molecules - producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules

Question 7

what is generated per pyruvate

Answer 7

one NADH

Question 8

what is each pyruvate broken down to

Answer 8

an acetyl group

Question 9

where does glycolysis take place in ekaryotes

Answer 9

cytosol

Question 10

where does the breakdown of pyruvate occur in eukaryotes

Answer 10

mitochondrial matrix

Question 11

what can glycolysis occur with or without

Answer 11

oxygen

Question 12

what are the ten enzyme steps in 3 phases in glycolysis

Answer 12

energy investment, cleavage, energy liberation

Question 13

what happens during energy investment

Answer 13

2 ATP hydrolyzed

Question 14

what happens during cleavage

Answer 14

6 carbon molecules broken into 3 carbon molecules

Question 15

what produces during energy libertion

Answer 15

2 nadh and 4 atp - net yield 2 atp

Question 16

what is the rate limiting step in glycolysis

Answer 16

phosphofructokinase

Question 17

what is the rate of glycolysis regulated by

Answer 17

feedbadk inhibition

Question 18

where is pyruvate transported in eukaryotes

Answer 18

mitochondrial matrix

Question 19

what is pyruvate broken down by

Answer 19

pyruvate dehydrogenease

Question 20

what is removed from each pyruvate

Answer 20

co2

Question 21

what does coA do

Answer 21

make acetyl coA

Question 22

whats the yield for the breakdown of pyruvate

Answer 22

1 NADH for each pyruvate

Question 23

what is the total yield in the citric acid cycle

Answer 23

4 co2, 2 atp, 6 nadh, 2 fadh2

Question 24

what is the net gain of atp in the citric acid cycle

Answer 24

4

Question 25

whats the metabolic cycle

Answer 25

series of organic molecules regenerated in each cycle

Question 26

when acetyl is removed from acetyl coA and attached to oxaloactate, what is formed

Answer 26

citrate or citric acid

Question 27

what is regenerated to start the cycle again

Answer 27

oxaloacetate

Question 28

What is the total yield of the citric acid cycle for each acetyl group?

Answer 28

1 atp 1 fadh 2 co2 3 nadh

Question 29

what are the 3 steps that are rate limiting catalyzed by in the citric acid cycle

Answer 29

citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenease, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenease

Question 30

how many molecules of atp are made in oxidative phosphorlation

Answer 30

30-34

Question 31

whats the net gain in oxidative phosphorlyation

Answer 31

34-38 atp

Question 32

what do the first 3 stages of glucose metabolism yield

Answer 32

6 co2, 4 atp, 10 nadh, 2 fadh2

Question 33

what involves the electrno transport chain

Answer 33

oxidative process

Question 34

what is removed from nadh and fadh2 to make atp in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 34

high energy electrnos

Question 35

what does phosphorlayion occur by

Answer 35

atp synthase

Question 36

how are electrons accepted and donated in a linear manner in the etc

Answer 36

redox reactions

Question 37

some of the energy released during movement of electrons is used to pump what out and where

Answer 37

protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space

Question 38

what happens to electrnos as they travel through the etc

Answer 38

they go from a higher to a lower energy level, moving from less electron hungry to more

Question 39

what is formed when energy is released in these 'downhill' electron transfers, and several of the protein complexes use the released energy to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

Answer 39

proton gradient

Question 40

what drives oxidative phosphorlyation

Answer 40

free energy changes

Question 41

what powers atp synthesis

Answer 41

energy that is used to pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane and establish an H+ electrochemical gradient

Question 42

what is the role of atp synthase

Answer 42

allows protons to pass through the membrane and uses the free energy difference to convert phosphorylate adp to atp

Question 43

what is the chemical synthesis of atp

Answer 43

pushing H+ across a membrane

Question 44

what does the synthesis of atp involve

Answer 44

mechanical rotation of part of atp synthase

Question 45

what happens when atp is high during oxidative phosphorlation

Answer 45

binds to a subunit of cytohchrome oxidase and

Question 46

what does nadh oxidation create thats used to synthesize atp

Answer 46

h+ electrochemical gradient and yields 30-34 atp glucose/molcules

Question 47

why do u rarely achieve maximal amount in nadh oxidation

Answer 47

nadh also used in anabolic pathways and h+ gradient is used for other purpposes

Question 48

besdies glyocse what are also used for energy? when do they enter citric acid cylce/glycolysis? why do they use the same pathways for breakdown?

Answer 48

carbs, proteins, fats; at different points; increases efficiency

Question 49

what happens when there isnt any oxygen

Answer 49

anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Question 50

what are the 2 strategies to metabolize organic molecules in the absence of oxygen

Answer 50

1- use substance other than o2 as final electron acceptor in the etc 2- produce atp only via substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 51

what uses nitrate as the final electron acceptor under anaerobic respiration

Answer 51

e coli

Question 52

what happens to nitrate without oxygen

Answer 52

produces less energy per oxidized molecule

Question 53

what is fermentation

Answer 53

breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation

Question 54

What is the main product of fermentation in muscle cells?

Answer 54

lactate

Question 55

when providing energy for muscle contraction, anaerobic glycolusis and lactic acid formation is __ and produces how much atp

Answer 55

better than nothing; 2

Question 56

what is pyruvic acid converted to

Answer 56

lactic acid