Lesson 3, Chapter 6

Question 1

what is a chemical reaction

Answer 1

process in which one or more substances are changed into other substances

Question 2

when do chemical reactions occur

Answer 2

when atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms

Question 3

chemical bonds are energy relationships that involve what

Answer 3

the electrons of reacting atoms

Question 4

what is metabolism

Answer 4

sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Question 5

what are the 3 states of matter and how can they be changed

Answer 5

solid, liquid, gas; physically or chemically

Question 6

what is energy

Answer 6

the ability to do work

Question 7

how much mass does energy have and how much space does it take up

Answer 7

0

Question 8

what is kinetic energy

Answer 8

energy is doing work

Question 9

what is potential energy

Answer 9

energy is inactive or stored

Question 10

what are the forms of energy

Answer 10

chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

Question 11

what is thermodynamics

Answer 11

study of energy interconversions

Question 12

what is the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 12

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed from one type to another

Question 13

what is the second law of thermodynamics

Answer 13

transfer of energy from one form to another increases the entropy of a system

Question 14

what is total energy

Answer 14

usable + unusable energy

Question 15

what determines the direction of chemical reactions

Answer 15

change in free energy

Question 16

what is free energy

Answer 16

amount of energy available to do work

Question 17

__ = G + ___

Answer 17

H = G + TS

Question 18

What is gibbs free energy used to predict

Answer 18

whether a chemical process is sponteanous or not

Question 19

what is a spontaneous reaction

Answer 19

may have to provide some activation energy but occurs without input of additional energy and will proceed naturally

Question 20

what is a non spontaneous reactions

Answer 20

a continuous energy input is necessary for the reaction to proceed

Question 21

what is the key factor to see if the reaction is sponteanous

Answer 21

deltaG is negative

Question 22

whats the proper word for sponteanous reactions

Answer 22

exergonic

Question 23

how do u tell if a reaction isn’t sponteanous

Answer 23

deltaG is positive

Question 24

whats the proper word for sponteanous

Answer 24

endergonic

Question 25

is the hydrolysis of atp exergonic or endergonic

Answer 25

exergonic

Question 26

how can an endergonic reaction be coupled

Answer 26

to an exergonic reaction that the two reaction overall is thermodynamically favored

Question 27

what is the major 'energy' molecule produced by metabolism

Answer 27

atp

Question 28

what happens wherever a non-spon reaction needs to occur within the cell

Answer 28

atp is dispatched

Question 29

what drives endergonic reactions

Answer 29

atp

Question 30

what do cells use to drive reactions

Answer 30

atp hydrolysis

Question 31

what happens to a phosphate during a couple reaction

Answer 31

from atp to glucose-phosphorylation

Question 32

what do many proteins bind and use as a source of energy

Answer 32

atp

Question 33

what is a catalyst

Answer 33

an agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed

Question 34

what are the functions of enzymes

Answer 34

act as biological catalysts, increase the rate of chemical reactions, bind to substrates at an active site to catalyze reactions

Question 35

main function of an enzyme

Answer 35

act as a catalyst

Question 36

what can u use to recognize enzymes

Answer 36

-ase suffix

Question 37

what is hydrolase

Answer 37

enzymes that facilitate the cleavage of bonds in molecules with the addition of the elements of water

Question 38

what is activation energy

Answer 38

initial input of energy to start reaction

Question 39

2 ways to overcome activation energy

Answer 39

large amounts of heat or using enzymes to lower activation energy

Question 40

how do enzymes lower activation energy

Answer 40

bring reactants together so they don't have to expand energy moving about until they collide at random

Question 41

whats an active site

Answer 41

where a reaction takes place

Question 42

whats a substrate

Answer 42

reactants that bind to active site

Question 43

what is a enzyme substrate complex

Answer 43

formed when enzyme and substrate bind

Question 44

what is affinity

Answer 44

degree of attraction between an enzyme and its substrate

Question 45

what is saturation

Answer 45

plateau where nearly all active sites are occupied by substrate

Question 46

what is michealis constant (Km)

Answer 46

substrate concentration where velocity is half maximal valur or half of the active sites are occupied at one time

Question 47

what does a high Km enzyme need

Answer 47

higher substrate concentration

Question 48

what are enzyme inhibitors

Answer 48

molecules that interact with enzymes in some way and reduce the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction or prevent enzymes to work in a normal manner

Question 49

what is competitive inhibition

Answer 49

inhibitor molecules binds to active site

Question 50

what does a non competitive inhibition do

Answer 50

lower Vmax without affecting Km

Question 51

where does the inhibitor bind

Answer 51

allosteric site

Question 52

what are prosethetic groups

Answer 52

small molecules permanently attached to the enzyme and aids in enzyme function

Question 53

what is a cofactor

Answer 53

usually inorganic ion that temporarilty binds to enzyme to promote a chemical reaction

Question 54

what is a coenzyme

Answer 54

organic molecule that participates in reaction but is left unchanged afterward

Question 55

are enzymes affects by environment

Answer 55

yes

Question 56

what are enzymes usually affected by

Answer 56

temperature and pH

Question 57

where do chemical reactions occur

Answer 57

metabolic pathways

Question 58

which pathway syntehsizes cellular components

Answer 58

anabolic

Question 59

which pathway breakdown cellular components

Answer 59

catabolic

Question 60

how are proteins synthesized

Answer 60

bonding amino acids

Question 61

what is a catabolic reaction

Answer 61

breakdown of reactants

Question 62

what are catabolic reactions used for

Answer 62

recycling building blocks and for energy to drive endergonic reactions

Question 63

what are the 2 ways to make atp

Answer 63

substrate level phosphorlyation and chemiomosis

Question 64

what are electron carriers/shuttles

Answer 64

small organic molecules that play key roles in cellular respiration (for anabolic processes)

Question 65

how are electrons shuttled

Answer 65

redox reactions

Question 66

what is a redox reaction

Answer 66

nad+ and fad gain/lose electrons

Question 67

what is oxidation

Answer 67

removal of electrons

Question 68

what is reduction

Answer 68

addition of electrons

Question 69

what ensures a cell synthesizes molecules when needed

Answer 69

anabolic pathways

Question 70

what are the regulations of metabolic pathways

Answer 70

gene, cellular, biochemical

Question 71

what is feedback inhibition and rate limiting step

Answer 71

product of pathway inhibits early steps to prevent over accumulation of product. can also alter a pathway by regulating the slowest step in the reaction (Rate limiting step)

Question 72

what is proteasome

Answer 72

a large complex that breaks down proteins using protease enzymes

Question 73

what is the role of ubiquitin

Answer 73

tags target proteins to the proteasome to be broken down and recycled

Question 74

what does ubiquitin tagging allow the cell to do

Answer 74

degrade improperly folded proteins, rapidly degrade proteins to respond to changing cell conditions, recycle amino acids for new proteins

Question 75

what do lysosomes contain

Answer 75

hydrolases to break down proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids

Question 76

what is autophagy

Answer 76

recycling worn out organelles using an autophagosome