Lesson 2.5: Infection Control Flashcards by Richie Concepcion

A technique to prevent disease-producing microorganisms from spreading

Aseptic Technique

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The use of rubber, plastic, foil. or other fluid-resistant materials to cover surfaces and protect from contamination

Barrier Technique

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Present in human blood and are disease-causing microorganisms
Examples: Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, and Fungi

Bloodborne Pathogen

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The presence or expected presence of potentially infectious material

Contaminated

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OPIM stands for

Other Potentially Infectious Material

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PPE stands for

Personal Protective Equipment

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OSHA stands for

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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The department that sets forth the specific requirements that are believed to prevent the transmission of bloodborne infectious material or OPIM to employees

OSHA

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Singe-celled tiny organisms only seen with a microscope

Microorganisms

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Microorganisms consist of how many major organism groups

Five

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An organism that transmits a pathogen

Vector

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Capable of producing disease in a host

Infectious Microorganism

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Liquid or semi-liquid blood or OPIM

Infectious Waste

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Contaminated sharps, saliva, extracted teeth, and blood-soaked gauze are examples of this

Infectious Waste

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Infection acquired in a healthcare facility, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) or mycobacterium tuberculosis

Nosocomial Infection

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The three types of classifications in Spaulding’s Classification

Critical
Semi-critical
Noncritical

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Examples of Critical Items in Spaulding’s Classifications

Surgical instruments, periodontal knives, suture, and needles that penetrate skin, mucous membranes, and bone.

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TRUE OR FALSE:

Critical Items in Spaulding’s Classifications MUST be sterilized

True

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Examples of Semi-critical Items in Spaulding’s Classifications

Radiographic positioning devices and plastic impression trays, which contact mucous membranes

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TRUE OR FALSE:

Semi-critical Items in Spaulding’s Classifications REQUIRE high-level disinfection AND MUST be sterilized

False

High-level disinfection is required but CAN be sterilized

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Examples of Noncritical Items in Spaulding’s Classifications

Dental unit, chair, and working surfaces, that have no penetration or contact with mucous membranes, but are exposed to splatter, sprays, splashing, blood and contaminated hands.

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TRUE OR FALSE:

Noncritical Items in Spaulding’s Classifications REQUIRE high-level disinfection

False:

Intermediate-level disinfection is required

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Any surgical entry into tissues, cavities, and organs. Causes manipulation, cutting, or removal of any oral or perioral tissue

Invasive Procedures

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Exposure from blood or OPIM

Exposure Incident

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Despite PPE, exposure of skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral exposure to blood or OPIM resulting from performing duties

Occupational Exposure

Inflammation of the liver

Hepatitis

Symptoms of Hepatitis

1. Loss of appetite 2. Nausea 3. Vomiting 4. Jaundice 5. Fever

The three major types of Hepatitis

1. Hepatitis A (HAV) 2. Hepatitis B (HBV) 3. Hepatitis C (HCV)

Type of Hepatitis with the highest rate of transmission

Hepatitis B

Type of Hepatitis most commonly acquired through contaminated food and water

Hepatitis A

TRUE OR FALSE: | Hepatitis A has a vaccination

True

Type of Hepatitis transmitted by body fluids, saliva, needle use, and sexual contact; may also result in prolonged illness, the destruction of liver cells and death

Hepatitis B

TRUE OR FALSE: | Hepatitis B does NOT have a vaccination

False

Similar to Hepatitis B and can also be transmitted through body fluids, saliva, needles, and sex

Hepatitis C

TRUE OR FALSE: | Hepatitis C has a vaccination

False

TRUE OR FALSE: | HBV vaccination is required for dental personnel

True

This infection primarily involves bacteria attacking the lungs by inhalation of highly infectious droplets, which are aerosolized by coughing

Tuberculosis (TB)

This infection is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide

Tuberculosis (TB)

A condition that destroys the body's immune system, making the individual susceptible to life-threating opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis or cancers

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Where vector lives or reproduces

Susceptible Host/Reservoir

Four categories of Susceptible Host/Reservoir

1. Living Body 2. Body of Water 3. Surface 4. Food

Ways in which microorganisms leave the body to cause infection

Portal of Exit

The five Modes of Transmission

1. Direct (the first possible method of transmission) 2. Indirect 3. Splash/spatter 4. Airborne 5. Parental (puncture or skin tear)

Mode of Transmission: A direct person to person contact with mucous membranes and/or non-intact skin; common mode for sexually transmitted diseases

Direct

Mode of Transmission: Contact with contaminated instruments, equipment, and environmental surfaces (i.e. dirty countertops)

Indirect

Mode of Transmission: Contact with blood, saliva or other body fluids onto unbroken or non-intact skin/mucosa

Splash/splatter

Mode of Transmission: Microorganisms that are suspended in air, or carried through air and ventilation systems, or contact with aerosols containing saliva, blood, and microorganisms created by use of high-speed handpiece or air/water syringe

Airborne

Mode of Transmission: Needle sticks, human bites, cuts, abrasions or any break in the skin

Parental (puncture or skin tear)

The means of entering host/reservoir

Portal of Entry

This is capable of causing disease

Pathogenic microorganisms

Three factors that influence a pathogen's capability

1. Host Resistance 2. Virulence 3. Concentration

The ability of the body to resist the pathogen

Host Resistance

The ability of the pathogen to overcome the body's defense and cause disease

Virulence

The amount of viruses present

Concentration

TRUE OR FALSE: | Healthier human hosts may be more resistant to a particular viral infection

True

A group of one-celled microorganisms enclosed by a cell wall

Bacteria

Classification: Bacteria that require oxygen to grow

Aerobes

Classification: Bacteria that are destroyed by oxygen and will only grow in its absence

Anaerobes

Classification: Bacteria that can grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen

Facultative anaerobes

Classification: Bacteria that may prevent antibiotics from working and are generally virulent (capable of causing serious disease)

Capsules

Microorganisms that are much smaller than bacteria and cannot live long or reproduce outside the living host

Viruses

Microorganisms that invade the host cell, replicate, and then destroy the host cell, which releases more of itself into the body

Viruses

Single-celled animals that can survive freely in nature and are spread by a carrier

Protozoa

This type of microorganism is mostly harmless and lives on dead organic matter or bacteria

Protozoa

Free-living microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. They are smaller than protozoa

Fungi

The humans' built-in disease-fighting mechanism

Disease Immunity

Two types of Disease Immunities

1. Inherited | 2. Acquired

Two types of Acquired Immunities

1. Natural | 2. Artificial

Type of Disease Immunity: | When antibodies are formed while fighting against active pathogens

Naturally Acquired

Type of Disease Immunity: When weakened disease-causing organisms are injected into the body, which causes antibodies to pathogens to build up in the body

Artificially Acquired

To treat all blood and OPIM as infected with bloodborne pathogens and decrease infection transmission through engineering and workplace controls

(Standard) Universal Precautions

Equipment or materials that isolate to prevent exposures

Engineering Controls

Removing sharps prior to pre-cleaning DTR, directing patient to swish antibacterial mouthwash prior to procedures, and proper handwashing are examples of

Workplace Controls

Method of cleaning and disinfecting DTR

Spray-Wipe-Spray

Free from all living microorganisms

Sterile

The process that destroys all microorganisms

Sterilization

Required when preparing for patient treatment, during treatment, and after patient dismissal

Aseptic Techniques

Steps to report exposure to contaminated sharps

1. Stop procedures and step out immediately 2. Milk and wash site 3. Report to your supervisor

Derives from retraction of contaminated water and saliva through dental handpiece or three-way syringe or bacterial growth in water lines where stagnant water loses chlorine potency and bacteria may multiply and become pathogenic

Water's Microbial Contamination

Lesson 2.5: Infection Control Flashcards

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