LESSON 3 Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
2 principal kinds of cells
A
neuroglia
neuron
2
Q
the “nerve glue” or the cells that support the neurons of the CNS
A
NEUROGLIA
3
Q
-glia means
A
glue
4
Q
Function of neuroglia
A
support
insulation
nutrition
protection
5
Q
6 types of neuroglia
A
SESAMO:
schwann cells
ependymal
satellite cells
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
6
Q
astro means
A
star
7
Q
-cyte means
A
cell
8
Q
- star-shaped cells with many processes
A
astrocytes
9
Q
2 types of astrocytes
A
protoplasmic
fibrous
10
Q
- astrocytes with many short branching processes (location: gray matter)
A
protoplasmic astrocytes
11
Q
- long unbranched processes (location: mainly
white matter)
A
fibrous astrocytes
12
Q
- help to maintain the appropriate chemical environment for the generation of nerve impulses.
A
astrocytes
13
Q
- Also play a role in learning and memory by influencing the formation of neural synapses
A
astrocytes
14
Q
Help forms the Blood Brain Barrier
A
astrocytes
15
Q
it restricts the movement of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid of the CNS
A
blood-brain barrier
16
Q
3 components of BBB
A
- astrocytes and astrocytic feet/processes
- capillary basement membrane/basal lamina with embedded pericytes
- tight junction between overlapping endothelial cells of the brain capillaries
17
Q
encircle the capillaries secrete chemicals that maintain the permeability characteristics of the tight junctions
A
astrocytes and astrocytic feet/processes
18
Q
cover the basal lamina of the endothelium and
contribute to the structural integrity of the BBB
A
pericytes
19
Q
Substances may cross the BBB primarily by two mechanisms:
A
paracellular transport
transcellular transport
20
Q
oligo means
A
few
21
Q
o-dendro means
A
trees
22
Q
these resemble astrocytes but are smaller and contain fewer processes
A
oligodendrocytes
23
Q
Give support by forming semi-rigid connective tissue rows between neurons in the CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
24
Q
Produce phospho-lipid for the myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the CNS - responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around CNS axons
A
oligodendrocytes
25
These neuroglia are small cells with slender processes that give off numerous spinelike projections
microglia/brain macrophages/microglial cells
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act as macrophages
microglia
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epen means
above
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-dym means
garment
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cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia
ependymal cells
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FUNCTION:
a. Form a continuous epithelial lining for the ventricles of the brain & the central canal of the spinal cord
b. Assist in the formation & circulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain & the central canal of the spinal cord
ependymal cells
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outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell which encloses the myelin sheath
neurolemma
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participate in axon regeneration, which is more easily
accomplished in the PNS than in the CNS
Schwann cells
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- form myelin sheath around axons of neurons of the peripheral nervous system
schwann cells
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These flat cells surround the cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia
satellite cells
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Function:
a. Provides structural support,
b. Regulate the exchanges of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid
satellite cells
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e basic functional unit of the nervous system. They are the primary cells of the nervous system
neuron/nerve cells
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Its primary function is the conduction of
impulses from one part of the body to another
neuron/nerve cells
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Nerve impulses travel at speeds ranging
0.5-130 meters per second (1-290 mi/hr)
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fuel source for neurons
glucose
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fuel source for neurons
glucose
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fuel source for neurons
glucose
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highly specialized cells
neuron
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The main portion of a neuron and contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
cell body
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The main portion of a neuron and contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
cell body
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- clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis in neurons
Nissl bodies
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- clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis in neurons
Nissl bodies
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cytoskeleton of the cell body that gives cell shape and support
neurofibril
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assist movement of material to and from the cell body and axon
microtubules
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assist movement of material to and from the cell body and axon
microtubules
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assist movement of material to and from the cell body and axon
microtubules
47
- yellow brown granules in the cytoplasm
- can be found in aging neurons that is result of accumulated neuronal lysosomes
Lipofuscin
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- yellow brown granules in the cytoplasm
- can be found in aging neurons that is result of accumulated neuronal lysosomes
Lipofuscin
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- yellow brown granules in the cytoplasm
- can be found in aging neurons that is result of accumulated neuronal lysosomes
Lipofuscin
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- short with often highly branching cytoplasmic extension
- the receiving or input portions of a neuron
dendrites
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- long thin, cylindrical projection that joins the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called axon hillock
axon
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part of the axon closest to the axon hillock
initial segment
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cytoplasm of axon
axoplasm
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plasma membrane surrounding the axoplasm
axolemma
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side branches along the length of an axon, typically at a right angle to the axon
axon collateral
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a multi-layered lipid and protein covering of an axon
which insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction
myelin sheath
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impulse propagation/transmission that skips
from node to node, providing rapid transmission of impulses
saltatory conduction
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unmyelinated gaps between segments of the myelin
sheath
node of ranvier
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fine processes where the axon/axon collaterals end
axon terminal/axon telodendria
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bulb-shaped structures at the tips of axon terminal
synaptic end bulbs
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membrane-enclosed sacs of the synaptic end bulbs
which store neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles
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Classification of neurons according to structure:
Unipolar, bipolar neurons, multipolar neurons
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-most common
-multiple dendrites, one axon
-example: neurons in the CNS
multipolar neurons
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- have 2 distinct processes: one main dendrite and one axon arising from the cell body
- very rare types of neurons
- example: sensory receptor cells in some special sense organs
bipolar neurons
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- are made up of only one projection from the cell body
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- are made up of only one projection from the cell body
- short neurons
unipolar
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classification of neurons according to function
- sensory/afferent
- motor/efferent
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- are structurally multipolar, carry impulses from the CNS
to other parts of the body to effectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery through cranial or spinal nerves
motor neurons
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- They receive stimuli/info from either the internal or external environment thru the AFFERENT/SENSORY nerve pathways
sensory neuron
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- that are also structurally multipolar
- interprets/process the information received in order to determine appropriate response to take
interneuron/connecting neurons
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- a universal term for any neuronal process (extension)
whether dendrite or axon, that emerges from the cell body of a neuron.
nerve fiber
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bundle of many nerve fibers
nerve
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cluster of cell bodies in the CNS
nuclei
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small groups of nervous tissue containing primarily of cell bodies which are found in the PNS
GANGLIA
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bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS
tract
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connective tissue sheaths:
- endoneurium
- perineurium
- epineurium
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- are thin connective tissue sheath that surrounds each nerve fiber/axon
endoneurium
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- surrounds bundles of axons known as fascicles
perineurium
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- surround an entire nerve
epineurium
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- conduct nerve impulses from the skin, skeletal
muscles and joints to the CNS
General somatic afferent fibers
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- conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle
General somatic efferent fibers
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- conduct nerve impulses from the viscera and blood vessels to the CNS
General Visceral Afferent Fibers
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- convey nerve impulses from the CNS TO HELP CONTRACTIONS OF SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES AND RATE OF SECRETION OF GLANDS
General Visceral Efferent fibers
