Lesson 3 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
It is the study of the interrelationships between plants and animals that live in a particular physical environment.
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Ecology
2
Q
are communities of organisms that interact with one another and with their physical environment
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Ecosystem
3
Q
are the place where a population of organisms lives.
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Habitats
4
Q
3 Fundamental Characteristics of the Ecosystem
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- Components
- Processes
- Changes
5
Q
2 Components of Ecosystem
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- Living (BIOTIC)
- Nonliving (ABIOTIC)
6
Q
2 Processes of Ecosystem
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- Energy Flow
- Nutrient Cycling
7
Q
2 Changes of the Ecosystem
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- Dynamic (not static)
- Succesion
8
Q
Also means BIOTIC
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LIVING
9
Q
Also means ABIOTIC
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NONLIVING
10
Q
It is the transfer of energy from one component of the ecosystem to the next (1-way flow)
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Energy Flow
11
Q
The nutrients and other matter passed on in a cycle
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Nutrient Cycling
12
Q
It also means NOT STATIC
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DYNAMIC
13
Q
3 Sustaining Life on Earth
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- One-way flow of high-quality energy
- The cycling of matter (the earth is a closed system)
- Gravity - causes downward movement of matter
14
Q
It is a closed system
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EARTH
15
Q
Earth is a __________.
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CLOSED SYSTEM
16
Q
It causes downward movement of matter.
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GRAVITY
17
Q
2 Related Laws of Thermodynamics
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- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Law of Entropy
18
Q
The energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
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Law of Conservation of Energy
19
Q
The energy spontaneously disperses from being localized to becoming spread out if it is not hindered from doing so.
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Law of Entropy
20
Q
It pertains to feeding relationships within the boundaries of ecosystems
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Trophic structures
21
Q
They determine the paths of energy flow and nutrient cycling
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Trophic Structures
22
Q
One of the most important species interactions
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who eats whom
23
Q
They move through the community
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Matter and Energy
24
Q
also refers to the rank in the feeding hierarchy in an ecosystem
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Trophic levels
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5 Trophic Structures
- Producers
- Primary Consumers
- Secondary Consumers
- Tertiary Consumers
- Detritivores and Decomposers
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Also known as 'self-feeders'
Autotrophs
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organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars; mostly photosynthetic
Autotrophs ('self-feeders")/Producers
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Autotrophs ('self-feeders") - organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produce __________; mostly photosynthetic
SUGARS
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Autotrophs ('self-feeders") = organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars; mostly ____________.
photosynthetic
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Give examples of Autotrophs
- Green Plants
- Cyanobacteria
- Algae
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Green Plants, cyanobacteria, and algae are examples of?
Autotrophs
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They use the geothermal energy in hot springs or deep-sea vents to produce their food
Chemosynthetic bacteria
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Chemosynthetic bacteria use the ________________ in hot springs or deep-sea vents to produce their food
Geothermal Energy
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One of the types of Heterotroph
Primary Consumer (Herbivore)
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Herbivores that consume the producers (plants)
Primary Consumers
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They consume the producer (plants)
Herbivores
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Give examples of Primary Consumers/Herbivores
- Deer
- Grasshoppers
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Deers and grasshoppers are examples of?
Herbivores (Primary Consumer)
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Are also one of the types of heterotroph
Secondary Consumer (Carnivores)
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Are organisms that prey on primary consumers or herbivores
Secondary Consumers (Carnivores)
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They consume meat
Carnivores
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Give examples of carnivores
- Wolves
- Rodents
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Wolves and rodents are examples of?
Carnivores
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Are the last type of heterotrophs
Tertiary Consumer (Omnivores)
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Consume secondary consumers
Tertiary Consumers
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They are also carnivores
Tertiary Consumers
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Give examples of tertiary consumers
- Hawks
- Owls
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Hawks and owls are examples of?
Tertiary Consumers
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The consumers that eat both plants and animals.
Omnivores
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Organisms that consume nonliving organic matter
Detritivores and Decomposers
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They enrich soils and/or recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
Detritivores and Decomposers
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The scavenge waste products or dead bodies
Detritivores
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Given an example of detrivores
Millipedes
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Millipede is an example of?
Detritivores
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They break down leaf litter and other non-living material
Decomposers
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Give examples of decomposers
- Fungi
- Bacteria
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Fungi and bacteria are examples of?
DECOMPOSERS
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They enhance topsoil and recycle nutrients
Decomposers
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the relationship of how energy is transferred up the trophíc levels
Food chain
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a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow
FOOD WEB
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True or False
There is BIG if no matter waste in natural ecosystems
False ; LITTLE
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show how matter and energy move from one organism to another through an ecosystem
Food chains/webs
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contains a certain amount of biomass (dry weight of all organic matter)
Tropic Level
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Each trophic level contains a certain amount of __________ (dry weight of all organic matter)
BIOMASS
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The % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next (ranges from 5-20% in most ecosystems, use 10% as a rule of thumb)
Ecological Efficiency
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2 Pyramids of Energy and Matter
- Pyramid of Energy Flow
- Pyramid of Biomass
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6 Basic Elements of which All Organisms are Composed (NP COSH)
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Carbon
- Oxygen
- Sulfur
- Hydrogen
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Can be stored in five (5) major areas
Carbon Cycles
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5 Major Areas of Carbon Cycle
- Living and dead organisms
- Atmosphere (carbon dioxide)
- Organic matter in soil
- Lithosphere as fossil fuels and rock deposits
- Oceans as dissolved CO2 and shells
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Is shuttled between organisms through photosynthesis and respiration
CARBON
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Carbon shuttles between organisms through ______________ and _______________
photosynthesis and respiration
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They must acquire their carbon from producers in order to be utilized for cellular respiration
CONSUMERS
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Consumers must acquire their carbon from producers in order to be utilized for ____________________
cellular respiration
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Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Atmosphere?
766
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Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Soil Organic Matter?
1500-1600
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Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Ocean?
38,000-40,000
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Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Marine sediments and sedimentary rocks?
66,000,000 - 100,000,000
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Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Terrestrial Plants?
540 - 610
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Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of fossil fuel deposits?
4,000
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- Reservoirs: Atmosphere (CO2), fossil fuels, organic matters
- Assimilation: Photosynthesis, animal consumption
- Release - Respiration, decomposition, combustion
This is from what cycle?
CARBON CYCLE
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It is about 78% nitrogen but not in usable form
Atmosphere
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Atmosphere is about __________________ but not in usable form
78% Nitrogen
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It is the most important element for all living organisms by the synthesis of Amino acids, proteins, enzyms.
NITROGEN
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It is the circulation or cyclic movement of Nitrogen from the atmosphere to soil and back into the atmosphere.
Nitrogen Cycle
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It is a vital component of amino acids in proteins and nucleic acids.
NITROGEN
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It is the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
NITROGEN FIXATION
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All organisms depend on this process for nitrogen.
NITROGEN FIXATION
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Oxidation of ammonia (NH4) to nitrite (NO2) and then to nitrate (NO3).
NITRIFICATION
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Example of Nitrite (NO2)
Nitrosomonas
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Nitrosomonas is an example of what?
Nitrite (NO2)
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An example of Nitrate is
Nitrobacter
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Nitrobacter is an example of what?
Nitrate (NO3)
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It converts Nitrate (NO3) to atmospheric nitrogen (N2) like Pseudomonas.
DENITRIFICATION
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The decomposition of organic nitrogen back into ammonium
AMMONIFICATION
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carried out by decomposers like bacteria and fungi
AMMONIFICATION
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Recycles large amounts of nitrogen to the soil
AMMONIFICATION
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- Reservoirs: Atmosphere, soil
- Assimilation: Plant absorption, animal consumption
- Release: Denitrification, detritivorous bacteria
This is from what cycle?
Nitrogen Cycle
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A major component of nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP
PHOSPHORUS
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This occurs only as inorganic phosphate to soil
Phosphorus
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this adds phosphate to soil
Weathering of Rocks
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- Reservoirs: rocks
- Assimilation: plants from soil, animals eating plants
- Release: decomposition, excretion
This is from what cycle?
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
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5 Human Influences on the Ecosystem/Biodiversity (DOGID)
- Deforestation
- Overharvesting
- Global Warming
- Invasive Species
- Desertification
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is the permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides the forest.
Deforestation
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is the removal of a forest or stand of
trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.
Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting, or clearing
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This can include clearing the land for agriculture or grazing or using the timber for fuel, construction, or manufacturing.
Deforestation
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can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use.
Deforestation
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The most concentrated deforestation occurs in __________________.
tropical rainforests
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is a type of land degradation in drylands in which biological productivity is lost due to natural processes or induced by human activities whereby fertile areas become increasingly arid.
Desertification
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is the long-term heating of Earth's climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.
Global warming
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includes both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns.
Climate change
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can be any kind of living organism -- an amphibian (like the cane toad), plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism's seeds or eggs--that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm.
Invasive Species
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They can harm the environment, the
economy, or even human health.
Invasive Species
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is an introduced organism that negatively alters its new environment. Although their spread can have beneficial aspects, these adversely affect the invaded habitats and bioregions, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage.
invasive species
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also called overexploitation
Overharvesting
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refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns.
Overharvesting
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____________ use the term overharvesting to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction.
Ecologists
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The ever-increasing _______________ has intruded into the dynamics of most ecosystems through human activities or technology
human population
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Increased agricultural outputs may lead to ___________________________ of certain toxic substances
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
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4 Effects of Agriculture on Nutrient Cycling
- Intrusions into cycling of nutrients
- Overharvesting of natural populations for human consumption
- Introduction of toxic compounds such as pesticides
- Can lead to Biological Magnification
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pertains to the process where toxins are concentrated at each successive trophic level in the food chain
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
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known nerve poison agent against insect pests
Exemplified by DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
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Makes egg shells of birds very weak and brittle
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
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Affects the nervous system in humans
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
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Pollutants in lakes and rivers cause _____________________
CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION
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Increase of inorganic nutrient levels in waters such as lakes due to sewage, factory wastes, livestock runoff, and fertilizer leaching
CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION
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Results in explosive growth of photosynthetic organisms such as ALGAL BLOOMS
CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION
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a type of algal bloom caused by dinoflagellates
RED TIDE
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Greater carbon emissions lead to the ________________.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
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___________________________________ have caused atmospheric CO2, concentrations to increase 14% since 1958
Carbon dioxide emissions
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It is increased is due to combustion of fossil fuels and burning of wood removed by deforestation
Carbon emission/Greenhouse Effect
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Proliferation of CFCs deplete the __________________
OZONE LAYER
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a protective layer made up of O3 in the stratosphere that absorbs ultraviolet radiation
OZONE LAYER
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is reduced to atmospheric O2 by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
Ozone (O3)
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4 ADDITIONAL HUMAN INFLUENCES IN THE ECOSYSTEM (GCOB)
- Greenhouse Effect
- Cultural Eutrophication
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Biological Magnification
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Ecologists use this term to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction.
OVERHARVESTING
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The term ____________ is frequently used interchangeably with the term climate change,
global warming
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It is most commonly measured as the average increase in Earth’s global surface temperature.
global warming
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the latter refers to both human- and naturally produced warming and the effects it has on our planet.
GLOBAL WARMING
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_____________ that contribute to desertification include the expansion and intrusive use of agricultural lands, poor irrigation practices, deforestation and overgrazing.
Human activities
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This is absorbed by plants into molecules
Phosphorus
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This is transferred to consumers
Phosphorus
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This is added back to soil by excretion and decomposition
Phosphorus
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This is also leaches into water table over time
Phosphorus
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What are the reservoirs of the carbon cycles?
1. Atmosphere (CO2)
2. fossil fuels
3. organic matters
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How is carbon assimilated from carbon cycle?
1. Photosynthesis
2. Animal consumption
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How is carbon released in carbon cycle?
1. Respiration
2. Decomposition
3. Combustion
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What are the reservoirs of the nitrogen in nitrogen cycle?
1. Atmosphere
2. Soil
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How is nitrogen assimilated in nitrogen cycle?
1. Plant absorption
2. Animal consumption
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How is nitrogen released in nitrogen cycle?
1. Denitrification
2. Detritivorous bacteria
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What are the reservoirs of the phosphorus in phosphorus cycle?
rocks
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How is phosphorus assimilated in phosphorus cycle?
1. Plants from soil
2. Animals eating plants
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How is phosphorus released in the phosphorus cycle?
1. Decomposition
2. Excretion
