Lesson 3 - THE CELL ORGANELLES Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Contains nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; Surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope
A
Nucleoplasm
2
Q
Control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis
A
Nucleus
3
Q
All materials inside the cell and outside the cell
A
Cytoplasm
4
Q
Intracellular fluid
A
Cytosol
5
Q
Dissolved materials
Nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products
A
Cytosol
6
Q
High potassium (K+) and low sodium (Na+) found in this (concentration difference important for nerve cells to send electrical signals)
A
Cytosol
7
Q
High protein: enzymes, structural proteins, etc.
A
Cytosol
8
Q
Low carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat (more of these molecules are found in EC fluid than inside the cell)
A
Cytosol
9
Q
Structures with specific functions
A
Organelles
10
Q
Organelles can be divided into
A
Non-membranous organelles and membranous organelles
11
Q
Lacks a membrane surrounding the organelle
A
Non-membranous organelles
12
Q
Direct contact with cytosol
A
Non-membranous organelles
13
Q
Include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes (NOT PEROXISOMES)
A
Cytosol
14
Q
Covered with phospholipid membrane
A
Membranous organelles
15
Q
Isolated from cytosol by membrane
A
Membranous organelles
16
Q
Include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi app, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
A
Membranous organelles
17
Q
6 types of non-membranous organelles
A
Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Ribosomes
Proteasomes
18
Q
Structural proteins for shape and strength
(Small -> large)
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
A
Cytoskeleton
19
Q
thin filaments composed of the protein actin
A
microfilaments
20
Q
provide additional mechanical strength
A
microfilaments
21
Q
anchors cytoskeleton to integral membrane proteins
A
microfilaments
22
Q
interact with proteins for consistency of cytosol
- if it forms a dense network = gelatinous cytosol
- if it is widely dispersed = fluid cytosol
A
microfilaments
23
Q
pair with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement (thick and thin filament interactions causes muscle contraction)
A
microfilaments
24
Q
myosin proteins form ____ ____ in muscle tissue
A
thick filaments
25
mid-sized between microfilaments and microtubules
intermediate filaments
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_ fibers in superficial layers of skin are **intermediate filaments**
keratin
27
* durable (most durable of the cytoskeleton elements)
* strengthen cell and maintain shape
* stabilize organelles
* stabilize cell position with respect to surrounding cells
intermediate filaments
28
large, hollow tubes of **tubulin** protein
microtubules
29
attach to **centrosome** located close to the nucleus
microtubules
30
microtubule organizing center
centrosome
31
strengthen cell and anchor organelles
microtubules
32
change cell shape
microtubules
33
move vesicles within cell (_kinesin_ and _dynein_ - motor proteins that _use ATP to move_ vesicles along microtubules)
Microtubules
34
form _spindle apparatus_ (moves chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during **anaphase** of mitosis)
Microtubules
35
core composed of microfilaments
microvilli
36
increase plasma membrane **surface area** for absorption
* found on some epithelial cells of small intestine
attach to cytoskeleton
microvilli
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the **centrosome** (heart of the cytoskeleton, located next to nucleus) - composed of microtubules
centrioles
38
\_\_\_\_\_ form spindle apparatus **during** cell division
centrioles
39
cytoplasm surrounding centriole - microtubules radiate outward to cytoplasm from here
centrosome
40
composed of microtubules
cilia
41
small hair-like extensions
cilia
42
\_\_\_\_ move fluids across the cell surface of respiratory and reproductive systems
cilia
43
used in **translation** (synthesis of polypeptides from instructions found on mRNA)
ribosomes
44
uses mRNA (nucleic acid _polymer_) as a template to create polypeptides
ribosomes
45
the two types of ribosomes are **free** and **fixed** ribosomes
true
46
in the **cytoplasm** and manufacture proteins for use **inside** the cell
free ribosomes
47
attached to the **ER**
manufacture proteins for secretion or for plasma membrane
fixed ribosomes
48
\_\_\_\_ ribosomes start off as free ribosomes
fixed
49
The **free** ribosomes become fixed to the **ER** during the ____ process
translation
50
**smaller** than ribosomes
contain protein-digesting enzyme (**proteases**)
disassemble damaged or viral proteins for recycling
Proteasomes
51
surrounded by a phospholipid membrane, isolates organelle from cytosol
membranous organelles
52
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
nucleus
six types of membranous organelles
53
**_All_** membranous organelles (except for **mitochondria** and **peroxisomes**) are either ____ or \_\_\_\_
interconnected **_or_** in communication thru the movement of vesicles (from one membranous organelle to another)
54
**continuous** exchange of membrane parts (**via vesicles**)
membrane flow
55
allows adaptation and change
dynamic
56
very active in secreting cells (an area equal to the entire membrane surface may be replaced each hour in very active secreting cells)
membrane flow
57
within, cytoplasm, network
endo-, plasm, reticulum
58
are storage chambers within membranes
cisternae
59
hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and chambers
cisternae
60
synthesis of proteins, carbs, and lipids
gen function of ER (cisternae)
61
storage of synthesized molecules and absorbed materials
ex: Ca2+ in muscle cells
gen function of ER (cisternae?)
62
transport of materials within the ER
cisternae
63
detoxification (by enzymes inside the ER) of drugs or toxins absorbed into the ER
gen function of ER (cisternae)
64
there are two types of endoplasmic reticulum
true
65
the two types of endo. reticulum
smooth and rough
66
**_NO_** ribosomes attached
Smooth ER (SER)
67
synthesizes lipids and carbs
(phospholipids and cholesterol - maintenance and growth of membranes)
(steroid hormones - reproductive system - androgens and estrogens)
(glycerides - storage in liver and fat cells)
(glycogen - storage in muscles)
SER (smooth ER)
68
surface covered WITH ribosomes
rough endo reticulum (RER)
69
active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis
rough ER (RER)
70
folds polypeptide protein structures (of those produced inside this)
rough ER (RER)
71
encloses products in **transport vesicles**
rough ER (RER)
72
transport vesicles then deliver contents to ____ for further processing
golgi apparatus
73
amount of ER and proportion of RER to SER varies with the cell type
true
74
vesicles **enter** forming (**"cis"**) face and **_exit_** maturing (**"trans"**) face
golgi apparatus
75
modifies and packages secretions
hormones or enzymes
substances are released by **exocytosis**
renews or modifies the plasma membrane (vesicles released, then merges with plasma mem to alter it)
packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytoplasm (lysosomes)
functions of the GOLGI APPARATUS
76
powerful enzyme-containing vesicles (dissolve, body)
lysosomes
77
used to break down and recycle large organic molecules and organelles
Lysosomes
78
formed by golgi app and **inactive** enzymes
primary lysosome
79
**fusion of primary** lysosome to _____ (transport vesicle) or damaged organelle **forms secondary** lysosome
endosome
80
digestive enzymes inside the lysosome activated to break down substances, isolate toxic chemicals
secondary lysosome
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_ reabsorbs released nutrients from break down, materials that remain in the lysosome are expelled from cell
cytosol
82
lysosomes function **_is_** usually **tightly controlled**
true
83
clean up inside cells
break down large molecules
attack invading bacteria
recycle damaged organelles
functions of _lysosomes_
84
self, break
auto, lysis
85
lysosomes membrane in damaged/dead cells break down, releasing stored enzymes (become active in cytoplasm) which destroys intracellular proteins/organelles
autolysis
86
cell digests itself and dies
autolysis
87
more than **30** disease, affecting children
lysosomal storage disease
88
**lack** of specific lysosomal enzyme which causes **waste** production **build up** in cells
lysosomal storage disease
89
rare genetic disease caused by build up of lipids in brain cells
infantile form leads to death of individual (age 4)
Tay-Sachs disease
90
enzyme-containing vesicles (smaller than lysosomes and contains different enzymes)
peroxisomes
91
are produced by growth and division of existing peroxisomes, NOT from ER synth.
peroxisomes
92
found in all cells, but highest in metabolically active cells such as liver cells
peroxisomes
93
break down fatty acids
produce hydrogen peroxide during reaction
peroxisomes
94
the enzyme _____ found in the peroxisome protects the cell by breaking down H2O2 into O2 and H2O
catalase
95
uses chemical energy in food (glucose) to produce the energy molecule (ATP)
Mitochondria
96
when active, produces 95% of ATP needed in the cell, other 5% produced outside ____ (Ex: glycolysis)
Mitochondria
97
have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane with numerous folds (**cristae**)
mitochondria
98
fluid inside the cristae
matrix
99
gycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain, aerobic metabolism, mitochondrial disorders
mitochondrial energy production
100
converts glucose to **_pyruvic acid (pyruvate)_** (occurs in cytosol) for use in mitochondria
Glycolysis
101
also known as the Krebs cycle and the **_t**_ri_**c**_arboxylic _**a_**cid cycle, or TCA cycle
citric acid cycle
102
breaks down pyruvic acid to CO2 (in matrix)
generates ATP and intermediates for the electron transport chain
citric acid cycle
103
found on the inner mitochondrial membrane
electron transport chain
104
produces the **_most ATP_** compares to glycoloysis and citric acid cycle
electron transport train
105
cellular respiration
aerobic metabolism
106
mitochondria requires oxygen to break down food and produce ATP
aerobic metabolism
107
If O2 _not enough_ quantity, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain _SHUT DOWN_
true
108
glucose + oxygen + ADP =
carbon dioxide + water + ATP
109
Inherited, reduced ATP production
cells thruout body may be affected, but symptoms most common in muscle cells, neurons, and photoreceptors
mitochondrial disorders
