Lesson 6 - TISSUES PART 2

Question 1

what are the 3 basic characteristics of connective tissue ?

Answer 1

1. specialized cells (more than 1 cell type present)
2. solid extracellular protein fibers
3. fluid extracellular ground substance

Question 2

is important not only fills space between cells, but also slow pathogen movement

Answer 2

ground substance

Question 3

the extracellular components of connective tissue

Answer 3

fibers and ground substance

Question 4

the extracellular components of connective tissue make up the ____

Answer 4

matrix

Question 5

majority of connective tissue volume

determines specialized function

Answer 5

the extracellular components of conn. tissue that make up the matrix

Question 6

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Question 7

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Answer 7

• establishing a structural framework for the body
• transporting fluids and dissolved materials
• protecting delicate organs
• supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue
• storing energy reserves, especially in the form of triglycerides
• defending the body from invading microorganisms

Question 8

3 general categories of connective tissue

Answer 8

1. connective tissue proper
2. fluid connective tissues
3. supporting connective tissues

Question 9

functions to connect and protect

ex: tendons and adipose tissue

Answer 9

connective tissue proper

Question 10

functions in transportation

ex: blood and lymph

Answer 10

fluid connective tissue

Question 11

provides structural strength

ex: cartilage and bone

Answer 11

supporting connective tissues

Question 12

connective tissue proper cell populations

Answer 12

1. fibroblasts
2. fibrocytes
3. adipocytes
4. mesenchymal cells
5. macrophages
6. mast cells
7. lymphocytes
8. microphages
9. melanocytes

Question 13

the most abundant cell type in connective tissue

Answer 13

fibroblasts

Question 14

found in all connective tissue proper

Answer 14

fibroblasts

Question 15

secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)

Answer 15

fibroblasts

Question 16

the second most abundant cell type - develops from fibroblasts

Answer 16

fibrocytes

Question 17

found in all connective tissue proper

Answer 17

fibrocytes

Question 18

maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper

Answer 18

fibrocytes

Question 19

also known as adipose cells

Answer 19

adipocytes

Question 20

fat cells

Answer 20

adipocytes

Question 21

each cell stores a single, large fat droplet

Answer 21

adipocytes

Question 22

functions as energy reserve and cushions tissues/organs

Answer 22

adipocytes

Question 23

found in many connective tissue

Answer 23

mesenchymal cells

Question 24

stem cells are part of mesenchymal cells

Answer 24

true

Question 25

cells that respond to injury or infection

Answer 25

stem cells

Question 26

differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, or other connective tissue cells in **response to injury or infection**

Answer 26

stem cells

Question 27

large, amoeba-like cells of the **immune system**

Answer 27

macrophages

Question 28

**eat** pathogens and damaged cells

Answer 28

macrophages

Question 29

two classes of macrophages:

Answer 29

fixed and free

Question 30

stay in tissue, frontline defense, reinforced by free macrophages and other cells

Answer 30

**_fixed_** macrophages

Question 31

**migrate** through tissue

Answer 31

**_free_** macrophages

Question 32

stimulate **inflammation after injury** or infection

Answer 32

mast cells

Question 33

release **histamine** (dilates blood vessels) to stimulate local inflammation and **heparin** (anticoagulant) to **_prevent blood clots_** in areas of slow blood flow

Answer 33

mast cells

Question 34

***basophils*** are leukocytes (white blood cells) that also contain _histamine_ and _heparin_ (mast cells)

Answer 34

true

Question 35

specialized immune cells in lymphatic (lymphoid) system

Answer 35

lymphocytes

Question 36

ex: some lymphocytes may develop into **plasma cells (plasmocytes)** that produce *antibodies*

Answer 36

true

Question 37

vaccines stimulate some lymphocytes to become **plasma cells** which produces antibody proteins that circulate in blood (lymphocytes)

Answer 37

true

Question 38

neutrophils and eosinophils

Answer 38

microphages

Question 39

phagocytic white blood cells

Answer 39

microphages

Question 40

moves through connective tissue in small numbers

Answer 40

microphages

Question 41

respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells and signals from site of infection

Answer 41

microphages

Question 42

**synthesize and store** the brown pigment **melanin** (gives tissue a dark color)

Answer 42

melanocytes

Question 43

located in the eye and the dermis of the skin

Answer 43

melanocytes

Question 44

embryonic connective tissue

Answer 44

Mesenchyme

Question 45

the first connective tissue in embryos

Answer 45

embryonic connective tissue

Question 46

gives rise to all other connective tissues

Answer 46

embryonic connective tissue

Question 47

are **not** found in adults BUT many adult connective tissues do have mesenchymal stem cells for tissue repair

Answer 47

embryonic connective tissue

Question 48

loose connective tissue found in many parts of embryo, including the umbilical cord (not found in adults)

Answer 48

mucous connective tissue (Wharton's jelly)

Question 49

contains many **adipocytes** (fat cells)

Answer 49

adipose tissue

Question 50

incapable of dividing in adults

Answer 50

adipose tissue

Question 51

_mesenchymal cells_ around **adipose tissue** can _divide and differentiate_ into adipocytes if there is chronic elevation of circulating lipids

Answer 51

true

Question 52

**shrinks** when nutrients are **scarce**, cell **doesn't die**, can **regain size** when nutrients **plentiful**

Answer 52

adipose tissue

Question 53

2 types of adipose tissue

Answer 53

white fat brown fat

Question 54

most common stores fat absorbs shock slows heat loss (insulation)

Answer 54

**white** fat

Question 55

more vascularized, widespread in fetus and infants, only small amounts in adults

Answer 55

**brown** fat

Question 56

adipocytes have many mitochondria

Answer 56

brown fat

Question 57

when stimulated by nervous system, fat breakdown accelerates, releasing energy as heat

Answer 57

brown fat

Question 58

surrounding tissues absorbs heat to quickly warm circulating blood

Answer 58

brown fat