LESSON 4: Theoretical Perspectives Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
emphasized the role of the conscious mind and the importance of self-awareness
A
neo-freudian perspective
2
Q
best known for his theory of psychosocial development
A
erik erikson
3
Q
_____ theory states that individuals go through 8 stages of development, each with unique crisis that must be resolved to move forward
A
eight stages of psychosocial development
4
Q
erikson’s perspective emphasized the role of _____ and _____ factors in shaping personality as he believed that personal identity is formed through experiences and relationships with others
A
- social
- cultural
5
Q
8 stages of psychosocial development
A
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs despair
6
Q
middle adulthood stage
A
generativity vs stagnation
7
Q
preschool stage
A
initiative vs guilt
8
Q
adolescence stage
A
identity vs role confusion
9
Q
infancy stage
A
trust vs mistrust
10
Q
late adulthood stage
A
ego integrity vs despair
11
Q
toddler stage
A
autonomy vs shame and doubt
12
Q
school age stage
A
industry vs inferiority
13
Q
young/early adulthood stage
A
intimacy vs isolation
14
Q
personal characteristics of the first stage
A
hope
15
Q
personal characteristic of the 5th stage
A
fidelity
16
Q
personal characteristic of the 8th stage
A
wisdom
17
Q
personal characteristic of the 3rd stage
A
purpose
18
Q
personal characteristic of the 6th stage
A
love
19
Q
personal characteristic of the 2nd stage
A
will
20
Q
personal characteristic of the 7th stage
A
care
21
Q
personal characteristic of the 4th stage
A
competence
22
Q
best known for forming Individual Psychology
A
alfred adler
23
Q
adler was one of the first to break away from _____
A
Freud’s psychoanalytic approach
24
Q
______ with family members, peers, and adults help to determine the role of inferiority and superiority in life
A
early interaction
25
had a significant and predictable impact on a child's personality, and their feeling of inferiority
birth order
26
"All behavior is ______"
goal-directed
27
natural and healthy reaction to inferiority
compensation
28
developed when a person is unable to compensate for normal feelings of inferiority
inferiority complex
29
overarching goal of Adlerian psychotherapy:
help the patient overcome feelings of inferiority
30
based on holistic understanding of human behavior
individual psychology
31
personality theories
- inferiority & superiority complex
- style of life
- family constellation
32
natural-born psychological state of all people and begins in infancy and continues throughout everyone's life
inferiority complex
33
people with inferiority complex believe that _______
they are not as good as others
34
inferiority complex is the _______ behind a person's behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and actions
innermost motivator
35
types of inferiority
- primary inferiority
- secondary inferiority
36
inferiority feeling in adult that results of the child developing an exaggerated feeling of inferiority
secondary inferiority
37
original and normal feeling of inferiority by an infant
primary inferiority
38
primary inferiority is _____ while secondary inferiority is ____
- productive
- harmful
39
why is primary inferiority productive?
it provides motivation for the child to develop
40
inferior feeling in the adult that results when the child develops an exaggerated feeling of inferiority
superiority complex
41
each person develops a unique pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving based on their subjective experiences of the world
style of life
42
style of life is shaped by _____ and the individual's attempt to ____ perceived inadequacies and ______
- early childhood experiences
- overcome
- strive for superiority
43
child position in the family, along with the perception of that position, can influence personality development and self-worth
family constellation
44
family constellation is a structure to describe each member's ____ within the family system
niche
45
family constellation consists of:
- oldest child
- middle child
- youngest child
- only child
46
- perfectionist
- act like mini-adults
- wanting to excel at everything they do
- leader-overachiever
- posses intense fear of failure
- hesitant to step out of their comfort zone
- quick to take charge
- bossy
oldest child
47
- fun-loving
- uncomplicated
- manipulative
- outgoing
- attention-seeking
- self-centered
youngest child
48
- matured for their age
- perfectionists
- conscientious
- diligent
- leaders
only child
49
- people pleasers
- somewhat rebellious
- thrives on friendships
- has a large social circle
- peacemaker
middle child
50
mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
cognition
51
unobservable cognitive processes:
- problem solving
- remembering
- imagining
- creating
- fantasizing
- using symbols
52
study of the origins of knowledge
genetic epistemology
53
known for his epistemological studies with children
jean piaget
54
genetic epistemology consist of piaget's:
- theory of cognitive development
- epistemological view
55
comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence
cognitive development theory
56
other term for cognitive development theory
developmental stage theory
57
cognitive development suggests that
intelligence changes as children grow
58
children (humans) have the ability to adjust to the demands of the immediate environment through _____
understanding
59
"reality is a dynamic system of continuous change"
nature of intelligence
60
series of states and transformations:
- transformation
- states
61
all manners of changes that a thing or person can experience
transformation
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conditions or the appearances in which things or persons can be found between transformations
states
63
human intelligence is ______
adaptive
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2 types of intelligence
- operative intelligence
- figurative intelligence
65
active aspect of intelligence
operative intelligence
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more or less static aspect of intelligence
figurative intelligence
67
operative intelligence involves _____, ____ or ___ in order to follow, recover, or anticipate the transformation of the objects or persons of interest
- all actions
- overt
- covert
68
notion that reality is a construction based on the information from our environment and in our heads
constructivism
69
cognitive structures that represent a certain aspect of the world, and can be seen as categories which have certain pre-conceived ideas in them
schema
70
schema is an ____ representation of the world
internal
71
each person constructs the same understanding of the world
true or false
false - different understanding
72
reversible mental actions
operations
73
_____ combine to form quantitatively different stages of cognitive development
operation
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_____ combine to form quantitatively different stages of cognitive development
operations
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process whereby children combine existing schemes or ways of understanding, into new and more complex intellectual structures
organization
76
ability to adjust to the demands of the environment
adaptation
77
process of transforming new information so that it fits within existing ways of thinking
assimilation
78
process of taking one's environment and new information, and altering one's preexisting schemas in order to fit in the new information
accomodation
79
basic process of human adaptation
equilibrium
80
4 stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor stage
- pre-operational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
81
specific form of adaptation in infancy, in which the infant accidentally performs some action, perceives it, and then repeats the action
circular responses
82
6 substages of sensorimotor stage
- use of reflex
- primary circular reaction
- secondary circular reaction
- coordinated secondary reaction
- tertiary circular reaction
- invention of new means through mental combination
83
most important development of the sensorimotor stage
object permanence
84
imitation of behavior a child has seen before
deferred animation
85
awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
object permanence
86
sensorimotor stage begins at ____ and ends at ____
- birth
- 2 years of age
87
stage that begins when the child starts to use symbols and language
pre-operational stage
88
cognitive development characterized by increased abstract thinking and the use of metacognitive skills
formal operational stage
89
children can theorize about the world but this ability is limited to concrete objects that they can see
concrete operational stage
90
2 substages of pre-operational stage
- preconceptual stage
- intuitative or transitional stage
91
the child becomes less egocentric and much better at classifying objects on the basis of perceptual categories such as size, shape, and color
intuitative or transitional stage
92
characterized by the increasing use of symbols, including language and symbolic play
preconceptual stage
93
belief that all moving objects are alive
animism
94
process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
centration
95
view of the world that is centered on one's own perspective
egocentricity
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when any two events co-vary, the child assumes that one has caused the other
transuctive reasoning
97
knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangements and physical appearance of objects
conservation
98
ability to mentally classify objects by placing them in order according to one or more dimensions
seration
99
ability to recognize logical relationships among elements in serial order
transitivity
100
ability to group objects together on the basis of common features
classification
101
ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
decentring
102
the child understands that numbers or objects can be changed, then returned to their original state
reversibility
103
understanding that the quantity, length or number of items is understand to the arrangement or appearance of the object or item
conservation
104
ability to view things from another perspective
elimination of egocentrism
105
combining, separating, multiplying, repeating and dividing
performs operations
106
thinking entails discovering and examining relationships between objects
first order process
107
involve thinking about your own thoughts, looking for connections between relationships, and moving between reality and possibility
second order process
108
governs the way that adolescents think about social matters and is the heightened self-consciousness in them as they are which is reflected in their sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility
adolescent egocentrism
109
2 types of social thinking
- imaginary audience
- personal fable
110
involves attention-getting behavior
imaginary audience
111
involves adolescent's sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility
personal fable
112
believes that development results from learning
learning perspective
113
2 important learning theories
- behaviorism
- social learning theory
114
theories that explain how people learn:
- behavioral learning theory
- social learning theory
- cognitive learning theory
- constructivism learning theory
- experiential learning theory
115
founder of behaviorism
john watson
116
john watson was influenced by the work of ____
ivan pavlov
117
development is observable behavior that can be learned through experience with our environment
behaviorism
118
2 kinds of associative learning that is the focus of behaviorism
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
119
learning through association
classical conditioning
120
best known for his work: operant conditioning
skinner
121
device used to study animal behavior
skinner box
122
learning through reinforcement
operant conditioning
123
principles of operant conditioning
- reinforcement
- punishment
124
process by which behavior is strengthened, increasing the chance that it will be repeated
reinforcement
125
adding something to increase the chance of repetition
positive reinforcement
126
removing something to increase the chance of repetition
negative reinforcement
127
process by which behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition
punishment
128
adding something to decrease the chance of repetition
positive punishment
129
removing something to decrease the chance of repetition
negative punishment
130
theory of learning that explains how people acquire new behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge through observing and imitating others
social learning theory
131
leading proponent of social learning theory
albert bandura
132
"learning is _____: we learn from the environment, and the environment learns and is modified thanks to our actions"
bidirectional
133
functioning in two different directions
bidirectional
134
bidirectional is a concept called _____
reciprocal determinism
135
interplay between our personality and the way we interpret events and how they influence us
reciprocal determinism
136
3 factors that shapes human behavior
- environment
- person
- behavior
137
each factor influences and is influenced by the other two
triadic reciprocal causation
138
external social context; influences how a person may act and the frequency of their behavior
environment
139
responses to stimuli to achieve goals; what a person does and says can affect both the environment and individual characteristics, both in the self and in others
behavior
140
can influence what environment a person will choose, and how they may behave in the environment
person
141
learning that occurs through observing what others do
observational learning
142
observational learning is also called
imitation or modeling
143
bandura proposes that people cognitively represent the ______ and then sometimes adopt this _______ themselves
- behavior of others
- behavior
144
observational learning is centered on the concept of _____
modeling
145
encompasses the act of both adding and subtracting from the behavior being observed while also generalizing from one observation to another
modeling
146
when individuals witness successful demonstrations of certain behaviors, they are more likely to be able to ____ them with success
replicate
147
became interested in dev psych, specifically in piaget's work, on the moral development of children
lawrence kohlberg
148
kohlberg was widely recognized for his theory on the ______
stages of moral development
149
process by which people develop the distinction between right and wrong and engage in reasoning between the two
moral development
150
moral development is a ____ process that occurs throughout the lifespan and at the same time creates a new field within psychology
continual
151
number of stages and levels of moral development
- 6
- 3
152
3 levels of moral development
- pre-conventional morality (pre-moral)
- conventional morality
- post-conventional morality
153
individuals at this level apply certain standards, but they are the standards set by others (parents or government)
conventional morality
154
individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code
post conventional morality
155
children's decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences of breaking the rules
pre-conventional morality
156
obedience and punishment are especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning
heteronomous morality
157
people at the stage of heteronomous morality see rules as _____ and ______
fixed and absolute
158
children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs
naively egoistic
159
in the naively egoictic stage, children begin to make their own moral decisions which are normally based on what _____ their own needs and what is ____ in line with their understanding of the social rules
- serves
- negotiated
160
focused on living up to social expectations and roles; begins to put themself in another's shoes and think from another perspective
good girl or good boy
161
good girl or good girl stage finds ____ very important
peer approval
162
people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgements
law and social order
163
people begin to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people
legalistic social contract
164
people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules
universal ethical principle
165
6 stages of moral development
- heteronomous morality
- naively egoistic
- good girl or good boy
- law and social order
- legalistic social contract
- universal ethical principle
