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PSYC 203 > LESSON 5.1: Conception and Prenatal Development > Flashcards

LESSON 5.1: Conception and Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

beginning of development marked by the union of the sperm cell with the egg cell

A

conception

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2
Q

developmental period within the womb between conception and birth

A

prenatal development

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3
Q

prenatal development can be divided into _______ periods

A

3

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4
Q

3 periods of prenatal development

A
  • germinal period
  • embryonic period
  • fetal period
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5
Q

includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

A

germinal period

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6
Q

rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear

A

embryonic period

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7
Q

growth and development continue during this time

A

fetal period

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8
Q

3 layers of cells

A
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
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9
Q

inner layer of cells; primarily develops internal body parts

A

endoderm

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10
Q

outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and the brain, sensory receptors

A

ectoderm

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11
Q

middle layer; develops parts that surrounds internal areas

A

mesoderm

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12
Q

life support systems for the embryo forms _____

A

rapidly

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13
Q

life support systems for the embryo:

A
  • amnion
  • umbilical cord
  • placenta
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14
Q

process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development

A

organogenesis

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15
Q

inheritance of genes

A

heredity

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16
Q

heredity is the transmission of ______ from parents to offspring

A

genetic traits

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17
Q

state of having different and observable traits or characteristics within a population

A

variation

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18
Q

variation arises due to ____ and _____

A
  • mutation
  • genetic recombination
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19
Q

sudden change in the gene sequence, produces new alleles and introducing genetic variability

A

mutation

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20
Q

exchange or random mixing of genetic chromosomes with different gene combinations producing new rearrangements

A

genetic recombination

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21
Q

“Father of genetics”

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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22
Q

Mendel proposed the principles of inheritance through a ____ experiment

A

pea plant breeding

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23
Q

main experiments of mendel

A
  • monohybrid cross
  • dihybrid cross
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24
Q

examines inheritance of two traits or characteristics at once

A

dihybrid cross

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25
examines inheritance of a single trait
monohybrid cross
26
3 principles of inheritance
- principle of segregation - principle of independent assortment - principle of dominance
27
random genetic inheritance from both parents allows genetic differentiation in offspring
principle of independent assortment
28
each gamete formed carries only one allele, which causes the offspring to acquire one factor from each parent
principle of segregation
29
the presence of a dominant allele will always mask the presence of a recessive allele
principle of dominance
30
can be produced not only by an abnormal number of chromosomes but also by harmful genes
abnormalities
31
produced by a harmful gene
gene-linked abnormalities
32
occur when the individual inherits too many or too few chromosomes
chromosomal abnormality
33
5 chromosomal abnormalities
- down syndrome - turner syndrome (XO) - klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) - fragile X syndrome - XYY syndrome
34
8 gene-linked abnormalities
- cystic fibrosis - diabetes - hemophilia - huntington's disease - phenylketonuria - sickle cell anemia - spina bifida - tay sachs disease
35
males have an extra X chromosome that causes physical abnormalities
klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
36
abnormality in the X chromosome that can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span
fragile X syndrome
37
caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 that causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities
down syndrome
38
an extra chromosome Y in males that can cause above-average height
XYY syndrome
39
a missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment
turner syndrome (XO)
40
glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production
cystic fibrosis
41
delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
hemophilia
42
blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply which can cause joint swelling, heart failure, and kidney failure
sickle-cell anemia
43
______ and ________ are hampered in cystic fibrosis, resulting in a shortened life span
- breathing - digestion
44
central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
huntington's disease
45
metabolic disorder that causes intellectual disability and hyperactivity when left untreated
phenylketonuria
46
deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system
tay sachs disease
47
neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities
spina bifida
48
environmental hazard to prenatal development
teratogen
49
considerations in determining the type and amount of damage from exposure to a particular teratogen
- timing of the exposure - amount of exposure - number of teratogens - genetics - being male or female
50
factors influencing prenatal risks
- alcohol - tobacco - illicit drugs - pollutants / environmental hazards
51
children of substance abusing parents
illicit drugs
52
when the baby underwent drug withdrawal after birth
neonatal abstinence syndrome
53
cause of neonatal abstinence syndrome
the baby's mother used an addictive drug during pregnancy, hence the baby got addicted to the drug before birth
54
leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities in children
alcohol
55
alcohol is one of the most commonly used ____
teratogen
56
dangerous chemicals that the fetus is exposed to when a pregnant woman smokes
- nicotine - carbon monoxide - tar
57
pollutants / environmental hazards:
- lead - radiation - toxoplasmosis
58
effects of ____: - fertility problems - prematurity - miscarriage
lead
59
effects of _____ to born babies: - eye infections - enlarged liver and spleen - jaundice - pneumonia
toxoplasmosis
60
effects of ____: - slow down the baby's growth - cause birth defects - affect brain development - cancer - miscarriage
radiation
61
maternal factors:
- maternal diseases - maternal age - emotional states and stress
62
maternal age that affects pregnancy
- mothers over 35 years old - teenage pregnancy
63
paternal factors:
- paternal age - men's exposure to pollutants - paternal smoking - relationship with the mother
64
can help keep the mother and the baby healthy
prenatal care
65
prenatal care:
- schedule a visit to the doctors - get regular prenatal care and don't miss an appointment - follow and adopt healthy habits
66
prenatal assessment:
- ultrasound - amniocentesis - chorionic villus sampling
67
procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested
amniocentesis
68
procedure in which a small sample of cells is taken from the placenta and tested
chorionic villus sampling
69
test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus
ultrasound

PSYC 203 (11 decks)

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