Lesson 5. Classification And Phylogeny of Animals

Question 1

The practice of categorizing organisms according to similar features goes back to

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

What is the goal of Taxonomy?

Answer 2

Produce a formal system for naming and classifying species to illustrate their evolutionary relationships

Question 3

Taxonomists ask whether the species being classified contains the defining feature of a certain taxonomic group

Answer 3

Classification

Question 4

Ask whether the characteristics of a species support the hypothesis that it descends from the most recent common ancestor

Answer 4

Systematization

Question 5

Designed the hierarchical classification system in the 18th century

Answer 5

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 6

Enumerate the 7 hierarchical classification system

Answer 6

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 7

Major groups of organisms

Answer 7

Taxa

Question 8

Singular for taxa

Answer 8

Taxon

Question 9

Each rank can be subdivided into additional level of ______

Answer 9

Taxa

Question 10

System developed by Linnaeus for naming species

Answer 10

Binomial nomenclature

Question 11

What are the two parts of scientific name

Answer 11

Genus and species

Question 12

______ are latinized and italicized, only the _______ is capitalized

Answer 12

Names, genus

Question 13

The goal of __________ is to determine the __________

Answer 13

Systematics, phylogeny

Question 14

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Answer 14

Phylogeny

Question 15

Inferred by identifying organismal features, characters, that vary among species

Answer 15

Phylogenies

Question 16

5 characters of phylogeny

Answer 16

Morphological
Chromosomal
Molecular
Behavioral/ecological
Homology

Question 17

Shared characters that result from common ancestry

Answer 17

Homologous

Question 18

Shared characters that are not a result of common ancestry, but of independent evolution of similar characters (they are not homologous)

Answer 18

Homoplasies

Question 19

Can result from convergent evolution

Answer 19

Homoplasies

Question 20

Occurs when natural selection, working under similar environmental pressures, produces similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Answer 20

Convergent evolution

Question 21

When trying to determine evolutionary relationships (phylogeny), we only want to consider _________

Answer 21

Homologous characters

Question 22

This can create errors

Answer 22

Homoplasies

Question 23

Focusing on homologous structures, determine when that character arose

Answer 23

Shared primitive and shared derived characteristics

Question 24

Older characteristics

Answer 24

Primitive

Question 25

Newer characteristics

Answer 25

Derived

Question 26

Homologous structure that is older than the branching of a particular clade from other members of that clade

Answer 26

Shared primitive character

Question 27

It is shared by more than just the taxon

Answer 27

Shared primitive character

Question 28

Example of this character is mammals that have backbone and vertebrates

Answer 28

Shared primitive character

Question 29

New evolutionary feature, unique to a particular group

Answer 29

Shared derived character

Question 30

Example of this character is mammals with/without hair

Answer 30

Shared derived character

Question 31

Most useful for determining evolutionary relationships

Answer 31

Shared derived character

Question 32

Form of the character that was present in the common ancestor of group

Answer 32

Ancestral character state

Question 33

Variation of the character that arose later

Answer 33

Derived character states

Question 34

Determined by using outgroup comparison Version of the trait is ancestral

Answer 34

Polarity

Question 35

Closely related, but not part of the group being examine

Answer 35

Outgroup

Question 36

One that is found in both the study group and the outgroup

Answer 36

Ancestral character

Question 37

Found in the study group but not the outgroup

Answer 37

Derived character groups

Question 38

Groups that share derived characters and form a subset within a larger group

Answer 38

Clades

Question 39

Unit of common evolutionary descent

Answer 39

Clade

Question 40

A derived character that is shared by all the members of the clade

Answer 40

Synapomorphy

Question 41

Using ______________ to define clade will result in a __________________

Answer 41

Synapomorphies, nested hierarchy of clades

Question 42

Ancestral character states for a taxon are called

Answer 42

Plesiomorphic

Question 43

Shared ancestral characters that do not provide useful information for forming a nested series of clades

Answer 43

Symplesiomorphies

Question 44

The nested hierarchy of clades can be shown as a ___________ that is based on _______________

Answer 44

Cladogram Synapomorphies

Question 45

Valid scale, consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

Answer 45

Monophyletic

Question 46

Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of the descendants

Answer 46

Paraphyletic clade

Question 47

Includes many species that lack a common ancestor

Answer 47

Polyphyletic clade

Question 48

Cladistics are also called

Answer 48

Phylogenetic systematics

Question 49

A taxonomic theory that is based on cladograms and all taxa must be monophyletic

Answer 49

Cladistics

Question 50

Based on common descent and the amount of evolutionary change to rank higher taxa

Answer 50

Traditional evolutionary taxonomy

Question 51

Sometimes this type of classification includes paraphyletic groupings

Answer 51

Evolutionary taxonomy

Question 52

Does the paraphyletic arrangement of ape families work on cladistics (true or false)

Answer 52

False because cladistics must be monophyletic

Question 53

What do you call the humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are now all included together in one monophyletic family

Answer 53

Hominidae

Question 54

A pair of taxa that are most closely related to each other

Answer 54

Sister group

Question 55

Sometimes accepts paraphyletic clades

Answer 55

Traditional evolutionary taxonomy

Question 56

Does not accept paraphyletic clades

Answer 56

Cladistics

Question 57

Cladistics vs Evolutionary taxonomy: Both _______ monophyletic clades Both ________ polyphyletic clades

Answer 57

Accept Reject

Question 58

Arrange the living organism where they belong

Answer 58

Taxonomy