Lesson 5.2: Methods of Philosophizing Flashcards
methods of philosophizing
dialectic method; pragmatic method; phenomenological method; primary and secondary reflections; analytic method
the dialectic method was created by
socrates (greek philosopher)
This method involves asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
dialectic method
Socrates used _____ to challenge and refine people’s understanding of concepts, leading them to realize their ignorance and correct mistakes.
disciplined conversation
who did the dialectic method infleunce
german philosopher Hegel
how did german philosopher Hegel use the dialectic method
adapted it into a process of evolving ideas (thesis, antithesis, synthesis)
To make philosophy practical by solving real-life problems, rather than just forming beliefs.
pragmatic method
who developed the pragmatic method
Charles S. Pierce and William James
when was the pragmatic method developed
19th century America
Pragmatists test ideas by
their practical outcomes–whether they solve problems or create success
To understand experiences without preconceived notions, focusing on how things appear to us.
phenomenological method
who created the phenomenological method
Edmund Husserl
when was the phenomenological method created
19th century
in the phenomenological method, husserl emphasized
setting aside biases to understand pure experience
the process of setting aside biases to understand pure experience
bracketing
This method focuses on how we experience things directly, without letting biases or preconceived notions get in the way.
phenomenological method
To explore the self and existence.
primary and secondary reflections
surface level understanding
primary reflection
deeper understanding that unites the self and the world
secondary reflection
primary and secondary reflections are linked to
existentialism
who influenced primary and secondary reflections
kierkegaard and nietzsche
To clarify language and thought, rather than creating new systems of ideas.
analytic method
Analyzes how words are used in different contexts, emphasizing that language follows specific rules, much like games.
analytic method
who developed the analytic method
Bertrand Russell; Ludwig Wittgenstein; George Edward Moore
