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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 8 > Flashcards

Lesson 8 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal system

A

composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments joined to form a framework for the body

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2
Q

osteology

A

study of bone

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3
Q

how many major bones are in the human body?

A

206

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4
Q

_____ is the forerunner of most bones and covers joint surfaces

A

cartilage

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5
Q

_____ hold bones together at joint

A

ligaments

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6
Q

_____ attach muscle to bone

A

tendons

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7
Q

roles of the skeleton (6)

A
  1. support
  2. movement
  3. protection
  4. electrolyte and acid-base balance
  5. blood formation
  6. hormone secretion
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8
Q

osseous tissue

A

connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals

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9
Q

mineralization/calcification

A

the hardening process of bone

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10
Q

flat bones

A

thin, curved plates; protect soft organs

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11
Q

examples of flat bones (5)

A

parietal bones of the skull, sternum, scapula, ribs, hip bones

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12
Q

long bones

A

longer than wide; rigid levers acted upon by muscles; crucial for movement

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13
Q

examples of long bones (9)

A

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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14
Q

short bones

A

approximately equal in length and width

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15
Q

examples of short bones (2)

A

bones of the wrists and ankles

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16
Q

irregular bones

A

elaborate shapes

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17
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae and some skull bones

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18
Q

what do depressions, groves, and tunnels indicated along the bone surface?

A

where blood vessels and nerves run along side the bone of enter bone

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19
Q

what do elevations or projections indicate on bone?

A

where tendons and ligaments attach onto bone; where joints occur with bone

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20
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer shell of bone; enclosed the marrow (medullary) cavity containing yellow marrow

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21
Q

spongy bone

A

loosely organized bone tissue found in the ends and center of long bones and in the middle of nearly all others

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22
Q

skeleton is _____ compact and ____ spongy bone by weight

A

3/4, 1/4

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23
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft that provides leverage

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24
Q

epiphysis

A

enlarged end of a long bone; strengthen join and anchor ligaments and tendons

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25
Q

epiphyseal line

A

remnant of childhood growth zone; epiphyseal plate (composed of cartilage)

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26
Q

articular cartilage

A

layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surfaces; allows joint to move more freely

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27
Q

periosteum

A

external sheath covering most of bone

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28
Q

perforating fibers

A

of the periosteum; penetrate underlying bone matrix

29
Q

outer fibrous layer of _____ and inner osteogenic layer of _____ _____ _____

A

collagen, bone-forming cells

30
Q

functions of the periosteum (3)

A
  • isolate bone
  • provide route for blood vessels and nerves
  • participates in bone growth and repair
31
Q

endosteum

A

thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity and all internal bone surfaces

32
Q

functions of the endosteum (5)

A
  • is an incomplete cellular layer (not a continuous sheet)
  • covers the trabeculae of spongy bone
  • lines the central canals of osteons
  • contains osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
  • active in bone growth/repair
33
Q

diploe

A

inner and outer tables of compact bone enclosing layer of spongy bone in between

34
Q

osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

35
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

36
Q

osteogenesis

A

synthesize soft organic matter of matrix and promote its mineralization

37
Q

_____ stimulates osteogenic cells to multiply rapidly and increase the number of osteoblasts which reinforce bone.

A

stress

38
Q

osteocyte

A

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited

39
Q

lacunae

A

tiny cavities where osteocytes reside

40
Q

canaliculi

A

little channels that connect lacunae

41
Q

_____ _____ allow for passage of nutrients, wastes, and signals between osteocytes

A

gap junctions

42
Q

osteocytes do two things…

A
  1. deposit matrix
  2. absorb matrix
43
Q

how do osteocytes act as strain sensors?

A

when they’re stressed, they produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling

44
Q

osteocalcin

A

part of body’s acute stress response, increases insulin sensitivity, promotes energy availability

45
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface

46
Q

osteolysis

A

the breakdown of bone as part of bone remodeling; important in releasing calcium and phosphate into body fluid

47
Q

what type of cells do not form from osteogenic cells?

A

osteoclasts; they develop from the same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to macrophages

48
Q

by dry weight, bone averages _____ organic and _____ inorganic matter

A

1/3, 2/3

49
Q

organic matter of the bone matrix consists of…

A

collagen and carbohydrate-protein complexes

50
Q

inorganic matter of the bone matrix consists of…

A

85% hydroxyapatite
10% calcium carbonate
inorganic ions such as Mg, fluoride, and sodium

51
Q

Rickets (disease)

A

caused by mineral deficiency and resulting in soft, deformed bones; not enough calcium from diet (could also be caused by not enough UV light for vitamin D3 synthesis)

52
Q

collagen molecules contain _____ _____ that break under stress and dissipate shock under load

A

sacrificial bonds

53
Q

brittle bone disease

A

osteogenesis imperfecta
- results from a defect in collagen deposition

54
Q

concentric lamellae

A

layers of matrix surrounding a central canal running longitudinally

55
Q

a central canal and its lamellae constitute an _____

A

osteon

56
Q

central canals are connected by transverse _____ _____

A

perforating canals

57
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

encircle inner outer region of dense bone

58
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

fill irregular regions between osteons

59
Q

spicules

A

lattice of bone slivers in spongy bone

60
Q

trabeculae

A

lattice of bone plates covered in endosteum in spongy bone

61
Q

spaces within spongy bone are filled with _____ _____ _____

A

red bone marrow

62
Q

bone marrow

A

soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bone

63
Q

myeloid tissue

A

red bone marrow
- contains multiple tissues including hematopoietic tissue
- in nearly every bone in a child
- in adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur

64
Q

yellow bone marrow (2)

A
  • adipose tissue, does not produce blood
  • can transform back into red bone marrow in the event of chronic anemia
65
Q

homeostasis (in bones)

A

bone building and recycling must be balanced

66
Q

what conditions are because bone breakdown is faster than bone building causing bones to be weaker? (2)

A

osteopenia and osteoporosis

67
Q

What type of bone cells build bone?

A

osteoblasts

68
Q

What type of bone cells break down bone?

A

osteoclasts

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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