LESSON 9: D9 - Introduction to Plants

Question 1

Why do some have allergies?

Answer 1

• Some peoples immune systems see allergens such as Pollen as threaths and fight it off
• White blood cells attach to pollen, releasing inflammatory chemicals
  -This sitmulates nerve cells and causes mucous membrans to leave fluid

Question 2

Who atre plants thought to orginate from?

Answer 2

Charophytes

-A group of protists green algae

Question 3

Characetristics of a plant?

Answer 3

-Multi-cellular
-Eukaryotic
-photosyntheic
-Cell wall of celluose
-Immobile (sessile)
- Reproduce by alteration of generations

Question 4

How dpes alertnation of genes work for plants?

Answer 4

• They alternate between a diploid sprophyte generation and a haploid gametophyite generation

Question 5

Sporophyte

Answer 5

Asexual phase

Question 6

Gametophyte

Answer 6

Sexual phase

Question 7

Types of Plants: Bryophytes

Answer 7

• Mosses are the most familiar group
• Evolved many features which make other terrestrial plants successful
• no vascular system
• Instead they depend on simple diffusion, osmosis and active transport to survive

-Also have rhizoids- not true roots
This also accounts for their limited capacity for absorption and lack of anchorage

Question 8

Mosses: Pioneer Plants

Answer 8

are often the first to establish themselves on previously uninhabited area

-As they die and decompose, they enhance the environment
i.e. provide organic matter that enhances the soil and facilitates other plant growth

Question 9

Just because soemthing is called a moss or a fern does it mean it classifies as so?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

Peat Moss

Answer 10

Pioneers in Ecosystems
Used in gardening
Used as a fuel in Europe and Asia
Can be chemically altered to form coal
Can be used as antiseptic
Used to mop up oil spills
Absorbent - so was used as surgical dressings in WWI, diapers for babies and in feminine hygiene products

Question 11

Types of Plants: Tracheophytes

Answer 11

Ferns are tracheophytes- plants that have a vascular system
Earliest vascular plants to evolve
Ferns are the most well known example

Question 12

How do ferns help our ecosystems?

Answer 12

Play an important role in ecological succession (i.e process of change in the species that make up an ecological community over time)

-Pioneer plants

Question 13

Fiddlehead Ferns

Answer 13

-young curled fronds of young ferns that are harvested as a vegetable

-Good for you

Question 14

Types of Plants: Spermatophytes

Answer 14

Seed plants are called spermatophytes

-They have roots, stems, and leaves
-Most recently evolved
-Reproduction NOT dependant on water
-They have a seed which contains a plant embryo

Question 15

What are subdivisons of tracheophytes

Answer 15

Vascular plants

Question 16

Types of Spermatophytes: Gymnosperms

Answer 16

pines, junipers, spruces, cedars and other cone-bearing plants

-thin- needle like leaves
Help plant survive harsh dry, hot and cold weather

-Needles covered in a hard waxy cuticle
-Deep penetrating roots

Question 17

Yew

Answer 17

Paclitaxel (a well known natural source cancer drug) can be isolated from the tree bark

Question 18

Types of Spermatophytes: Angiosperms

Answer 18

• flowering plants
  -All are tracheophytes
  -Because they have vascular tissue
  -All will have flowers and fruit for reproduction

Question 19

Rice

Answer 19

Rice is the seed of certain grass species

Question 20

Steps of Angiospern plant reproduction

Answer 20

-Pollunators brush agsint anters and pick up pollen

• When pollenatar brushes pollen from another flower onta stigma, the flower is pollinated
• Next the sperm joins a egg
• Pollen grains consist of 2 types of cell tube cells and generative cells

-Pollen grain lands on stigmas, uses the tube cells to burrow down a pollen tube from the stigma through the style to the inside area of the ovary

-Generatives cell which is inside the ovary will divide into 2 sperm cells

-From there, the sperm cells target an ouvle inside the ovary

• Each ovule has the potenial to devlope into a seed if fertilzed

-inside the ovule there is an egg cell and 2 polar nuclei

-one sperm cell fertizlies the egg, which forms a zygote

-the second sperm join with the 2 polar nuclei, whic devlopes Endosperm.

-ovary ripens and turns into fruit
-seeds trvael far from parent so they do not compete

Question 21

what devlopes when the second sperm join with the 2 polar nuclei

Answer 21

Endosperm

Question 21

Double fertilzation

Answer 21

the second sperm join with the 2 polar nuclei, whic devlopes Endosperm.

Question 22

Reproduction with gymnosperms

Answer 22

Example, Pine trees

-Pollen from males cones are released
-female cones may pick up on the pollen, the pollen fertilizes in the ovule
-This makes a seed

Question 23

A plant in the diploid stage is called a..

Answer 23

sporophyte

Question 24

What do haploid cells in plants form?

Answer 24

asexual spores

Question 25

Alertration of generation in plants

Answer 25

-As the haploid generation begins, the spores grow into gametophyte individuals - Th e gametophytes mature, then produce haploid sex cells—gametes. - Th ese gametes undergo fertilization to form diploid zygotes. - Th e zygotes grow into sporophyte individuals, and the cycle continues.

Question 26

cuticle

Answer 26

a waterproof, waxy coating produced by the epidermis of most plants

Question 27

stoma

Answer 27

a small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows gas exchang

Question 28

bryophyte

Answer 28

a small seedless plant that lacks vascular tissue

Question 29

gemma

Answer 29

a small clump of haploid photosynthetic cells produced in little cupshaped structures on the gametophyte plant; dispersed by splashes of rain to grow into another gametophyte plant

Question 30

antheridium

Answer 30

the specialized structure on a gametophyte that produces sperm

Question 31

archegonium

Answer 31

the specialized structure on a gametophyte that produces eggs

Question 32

sporangium

Answer 32

the structure in which spores are produced

Question 33

lignin

Answer 33

an important structural compound found in the vascular tissues of plants; it is responsible for the strength of wood

Question 34

lycophyte

Answer 34

a seedless vascular plant; club mosses are examples of lycophytes

Question 35

pterophyte

Answer 35

a seedless vascular plant; ferns are examples of pterophytes

Question 36

rhizome

Answer 36

a horizontal underground stem

Question 37

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are...

Answer 37

seed plants

Question 38

gymnosperm

Answer 38

a vascular plant that produces seeds in special structures called cones; gymnosperms are a major plant group

Question 39

cone

Answer 39

in plants, the reproductive structure of a conifer; produce either pollen or ovules

Question 40

angiosperm

Answer 40

a plant that produces fl owers;

Question 41

cotyledon

Answer 41

a structure in the seeds of fl owering plants that stores nutrients

Question 42

steps to alteration of generation

Answer 42

- Starts with sporophyte. The sporophyte generation is diploid(two copies of each kind of chromosome) -meosis starts to take place meaning the diploid cell divided because of meosis and produces haploid spores -The spores are haploid, the haploid spore then goes through mitosis and divide which results in gametophye generation -Gametophye generation is haploid. The haploid gametophye produces gametes which are your sperm and egg -sperm and egg are both haploid. During fertilzation the sperm fertilzes the egg and a diplod zygote is produced -Diplod zygote divideds by the process of mitosis which produces a sporophyte

Question 43

Mitosis

Answer 43

One cell dividing and producing two gentically identical daughter cells

Question 44

meiosis

Answer 44

one cell divides and produces either one cell or more with some si milar chromosomes