Lesson_4_Arabic_Grammar_Flashcards
(14 cards)
What are governing particles (حروف عاملة)?
Particles that affect the grammatical case (i’rab) of the words after them.
Name two types of governing particles.
- Particles that govern isms (e.g., إِنَّ, لَيْتَ)
- Particles that govern verbs (e.g., لَم, لَنْ)
What are examples of particles that cause nasb (نصب) of the following verb?
Examples: أَنْ، لَنْ، إِذَنْ – These make the present verb (فعل مضارع) منصوب.
What are examples of particles that cause jazm (جزم)?
Examples: لَمْ، لَمَّا، لاَ النَّاهِيَة – These make the present verb (فعل مضارع) end with sukoon.
What is a governing fiʿl (فعل عامل)?
A verb that affects the grammatical case of the ism following it (e.g., فاعل is marfoo’, مفعول is mansoob).
What are active and passive verbs?
Active (معلوم): the doer is known, e.g., كَتَبَ زَيْدٌ.
Passive (مجهول): the doer is unknown, e.g., كُتِبَ الدَّرْسُ.
What is an intransitive verb (لازم)?
A verb that completes its meaning without needing a مفعول, e.g., جَلَسَ.
What is a transitive verb (متعدي)?
A verb that needs a direct object (مفعول به), e.g., أَكَلَ زَيْدٌ التُّفَّاحَ.
What are verbs of praise and blame (أفعال المدح والذم)?
Examples: نِعْمَ (excellent is), بِئْسَ (evil is).
What are verbs of wonder (أفعال التعجب)?
Used to express amazement, e.g., مَا أَجْمَلَ, أَجْمِلْ بـِ.
What are governing isms (أسماء عاملة)?
Isms that function like verbs in affecting the i’rab of words that follow them.
Give an example of a conditional governing ism.
مثل: مَنْ يَجْتَهِدْ يَنْجَحْ – ‘Whoever strives, succeeds.’
What are non-governing particles (حروف غير عاملة)?
Particles that do not affect i‘rab of the following word, e.g., وَ, ثُمَّ, بَلْ.
List some types of non-governing particles.
- Notification (حروف التنبيه)
- Affirmation (حروف الإيجاب)
- Clarification (حروف التفسير)
- Interrogation (حروف الاستفهام)
