Leucocytes responses (Yr 3)

Question 1

what are the five main leucocyte types?

Answer 1

neutrophils
monocytes
lymphocytes
eosinophils
basophils

Question 2

what leucocytes are granulocytes (granules with polylobed nuclei)?

Answer 2

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 3

what is the main function of neutrophils and eosinophils?

Answer 3

involved in innate immunity (phagocytosis)

Question 4

what part of the smear is assessed when looking at cell counts and morphology?

Answer 4

monolayer

Question 5

what is usually the most abundant leucocyte?

Answer 5

neutrophil

Question 6

what is the morphology of a mature nucleus?

Answer 6

3-5 lobed nucleus
clear/pale pink cytoplasm

Question 7

how do banded (immature) neutrophils appear?

Answer 7

U shaped nucleus with parallel sides

Question 8

what is the role of neutrophils?

Answer 8

kill/inactive bacteria, yeast, fungi, parasites
eliminate infected/transformed cells
modulate immune response

Question 9

what are the pools of neutrophils in the body?

Answer 9

bone marrow (proliferative, maturation, storage)
blood
tissue

Question 10

what regulates production of neutrophils?

Answer 10

cytokines and growth factors

Question 11

how long does it take for a neutrophil to mature?

Answer 11

7 days

Question 12

what is toxic change to neutrophils and how is it caused?

Answer 12

inflammation accelerates neutrophil maturation causing them to be misshapen

Question 13

what is the blood transit time of neutrophils?

Answer 13

6-10 hours

Question 14

what is the first manifestation in blood if haemopoiesis stops?

Answer 14

neutropenia (shortest lifespan)

Question 15

what is a left shift?

Answer 15

inflammation causing more immature (banded) neutrophils to be present in circulation

Question 16

what are the two types of left shift?

Answer 16

regenerative
degenerative

Question 17

what is a regenerative left shift?

Answer 17

neutrophilia with lots of banded neutrophils

Question 18

what is a degenerative left shift?

Answer 18

normal/low neutrophil count with increased immature cells (inability to meet inflammatory process)

Question 19

how is a degenerative left shift associated with prognosis?

Answer 19

poor prognostic indicator

Question 20

what are the overall causes of neutrophilia?

Answer 20

physiological (stress, adrenalin)
acute inflammatory response
stress/corticosteroid induced
paraneoplastic

Question 21

what causes physiological neutrophilia?

Answer 21

increased blood flow from adrenalin/fear causes mature neutrophils to be redistributed from the marginated pool on the edge of vessels to the circulating pool

Question 22

what are the features of a stress leukogram?

Answer 22

mature neutrophilia
monocytosis
lymphopenia
eosinopenia

Question 23

how can the neutrophilia associated with the acute inflammatory response present?

Answer 23

can be with or without a left shift
can be regenerative or degenerative

Question 24

what causes toxic change of neutrophils?

Answer 24

reduced maturation time in the bone marrow due to intense stimulation of myelopoiesis

Question 25

what are some causes of neutrophil dysfunction?

Answer 25

immunodeficiency syndromes (inherited) diabetes mellitus neoplasia FeLV

Question 26

what are the basic causes of neutropenia?

Answer 26

overwhelming demand reduced/ineffective production (some rare disease)

Question 27

when does overwhelming demand of neutrophils occur leading to a neutropenia?

Answer 27

severe bacterial infection (pyometra, peritonitis, pyothorax)

Question 28

what are some causes of reduced haemopoiesis?

Answer 28

bone marrow hypoplasia after chemotherapy parvovirus infection (transient) oestrogens neoplasia

Question 29

what is the main functions of eosinophils?

Answer 29

kill parasite control hypersensitivity reactions allergies and inflammation

Question 30

what are the functions of basophils?

Answer 30

potentiate inflammation and hypersensitivity histamine release (respond with eosinophils)

Question 31

what is the function of monocytes?

Answer 31

they are circulating precursors to macrophages, responsible for phagocytosis

Question 32

what can cause monocytosis?

Answer 32

often reflect chronic inflammation acute inflammatory response necrotic tissues immune mediated disease part of stress leukogram

Question 33

what is the most common change to leucocytes when there is acute inflammation?

Answer 33

neutrophils with a left shift

Question 34

where do T cells mature?

Answer 34

thymus

Question 35

what happens to B lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation?

Answer 35

become plasma cells that release immunoglobulins

Question 36

what are the types of T lymphocytes?

Answer 36

T-helper cells cytotoxic T cells T-regulatory cells

Question 37

what can cause lymphocytosis?

Answer 37

physiological (adrenalin) prolonged immune stimulation youth lymphoproliferative disease post-vaccination hypoadrenocorticism

Question 38

what can cause lymphopenia?

Answer 38

corticosteroid (shifts lymphocytes from circulation) viral disease loss of lymph (effusions) sepsis/endotoxaemia lymphoma